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TriE 



LIFE AND SERVICES 



OF 



COMM4JDOMK: IViLLIAM BAI;\BitSI^CiE. 



LIFE AND SKRVICES 



€ O ]!fi I?I O 1> O R E 



W I I. L I A M B A I N B R I D G F, 



UiVITED STATES NAVV, 



THOMAS HARRIS, 31. r?. 

SUROEON UNITED STATES N VVY, AND MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN 
PIIILOSOPIUCAL SOCIETY. 



Palria Victis(]iii,> I,;iii(latiis. 



philadklphia: ^^ 

CAREY LEA & BLANC HARD. 




1837. 



E3f3 



Entered according- lo the Act of Congress, in tlie year 1837, bj' Cauky, 
Lea & Ulamiiauii, in the Clerk's Office of the Eastern District of Penn- 
sylvania. 



TO 



COMiMOUORE JACOB JONES, 

Ol' THE U.MTEn STATES NAVV. 

Dear Sir, 

This volume is inscribed to you in token of my high re- 
spect for your talents — of esteem for your many private vir- 
tues — and of grateful recollections for your unsolicited i"a- 
vours, and long continued friendship. 

THOMAS HARRIS. 



PREFACE. 



CoMMODORF, Bainbridgk'.^ catcor in the navylias been ncarlv 
contemporaneous Avith its origin. ]t has been therefore sug- 
gested to the author to annex to his memoir, a sketch of the 
history of the naval poUcy of the United States, of the events 
which distinguished the partial hostilities with the French 
republic, and a more extended account of the various ac- 
tions with the Barbary powers in the Mediterranean undej* 
the command of G^mmodore Preble and otJiers. The inci- 
dents of these brief, but eminently successful wars, were con- 
sidered appropriate subjects for the biography of an indivi^ 
dual, actively engaged in the one, and personally most inte- 
rested in the results of the other. Jt will be seen, that the 
author has ventured to give a cursory view of many of these 
events ; but to have extended his narrative, would have de- 
stroyed the individuality of a personal memoir. To have made 
such an addition, in a manner worthy of the subject, and of the 
service, to which his best wishes and efforts have been direct- 



cd, would have imparted much interest and vahie to the work, 
but he neither possesi-ed tlu; qualiiications, r.or necessary do- 
cuments, to enable him to perform such a task with accu- 
racy and with the proper professional details. It would liavc 
been to the writer, a source of sincere pleasure, to have ren- 
dered ample justice to (he oflicers engaged in a service, of 
which it has been truly said, that '• altliough not on so large 
a scale, its achievements were as jierfcct of their kind as 
ever graced the annals of any country." 

However desirable a history of the early conflicts in the 
navy may be deemed, the writer was not disposed to sub- 
ject himself to the charge of presumption in an attempt to 
do what others, with more adequate means, and superior 
qualifications have failed to accomplish ; or to incur the impu- 
tation of doing injustice to many individuals, by annexing to 
the memoir of an officer, however eminent, an episode as it 
were, of services and events, deserving a distinct and sub- 
stantive memorial. He has therefore, omitted to notice all 
interesting events, and acts of personal heroism, not immedi- 
ately connected with the principal subject. 

A complete historical view of the navy of the United 
States, from its origin to the present period, embracing an 
account of the great eras of its progress — the difficulties and 
prejudices over which it has triumphed — a recital of the ex- 
ploits of our most distinguished commanders — with judicious 
views of commercial policy, and of the naval resources of 
our country, is indeed a desideratum. It is to be lamented 
that many of the most important documents and records, in 
relation to naval affairs, were lost by the conflagration of the 



PREFACE. IX 

navy department in the year 1814. From this cause the wri- 
ter has been obliged to omit the important remonstrance of 
Commodores Bainbridge and Stewart, against the policy of 
laying up our ships during the late war with Great Britain. 

From the private journals and extensive correspondence 
of Commodore Bainbridge — from conversations with him, and 
such of his friends as have served under his command — from 
Goldsborough's JVaval Chro7iide — Clark'' s JVaval History — and 
from a manuscript biography of a portion of his life by Ge- 
neral fl. A. S. Dearborn, the materials have been collected 
for the following volume. 

The writer, besides, has enjoyed the privilege of a close 
intimacy with Commodore Bainbridge — has seen him under 
all circumstances of disease and health — exhilaration and 
depression, and thus had the best opportunity of studying his 
character. The writer's chief aim has been to draw a plain 
and faithful narrative of the prominent events of his life. 
He believes, with Southey, that the best eulogy of a hero 
" is the faithful history of his actions : and the best history 
must be that which shall relate them most perspicuously." 

However much the author may distrust his own ability to 
do justice to his subject, he trusts, nevertheless, that there 
will be found in the stirring events and animating incidents 
which he has endeavoured to portray, sufficient interest to 
redeem many defects of authorship. If the remark of John- 
son be true, that " there has rarely passed a life, of which a 
judicious and authentic narrative would not prove useful," 
it is believed, that the life of Bainbridge will not be consi- 
dered an exception to this rule. 
2 



FRKFACE. 



An explanation is due to the public, for withholding this 
volume for so long a period beyond that which had been 
publicly announced. Engagements in constant and la- 
borious professional duties — duties incompatible with all 
literary efforts, is the only one which he can offer. It is 
only during a convalescence from a protracted indisposition, 
that he has been enabled to fulfil his promise, and to per- 
form a last act of friendship. 



C O i^ T E 1\ T S. 



CHAPTER I. 

Cliaj'acter of the early Commanders of the Navy — Parentage of Commo- 
dore Bainbridge — Youthful Propensities — Inclination for the Sea — 
Commenced his Career in the Merchant Service — Good Conduct — Sup- 
pressed a Mutiny — Conflict witii a British Schooner — Impressed Sea- 
men — Successful Retaliation — Acquaintance with Miss HyJeger — Mar- 
riage — Appointment in the Navy — Command of the Schooner Retalia- 
tion — Cruise in the West Indies— Capture— Russc de Guerre — Gen. 
Dcsfourneaux--VictorHughs—narsii Treatment of American prisoners 
— Permission to visit the Dungeon where the Prisoners were confined — 
Ponsea Frigate — Offer to release the Prisoners — Return to the United 
States in a Cartel — Conduct approved — Promoted to a Master and 
Commander — Appointed to the Command of Brig Norfolk — Cruise in 
the West Indies — Large Convoy— Chased by a Frencii Frigate — Re- 
turn to the United States — Lieutenants promoted over him — Again 
sailed for Cape Francois — Entertained by Toussaint — Wished Captain 
Bainbridge to deliver French Prisoners into his Hands — Capture of a 
French Man-of-war Barge — Capture of a French Lugger — Horrid 
Spectacle — Cruise off Havanna — Blockade of French Privateer — Let- 
ter of Thanks from the American Merchants in Havanna — Return to 
the Port of Pliiladelphia— Promoted to a Captaincy, - 17 



XU CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER II. 

Captain B;iinbriL!ge ordered to tlie Command of tlie Frigate George 
Washington — Carries tribute to Algiers — Carries Algerine Ambassa- 
dor to Constantinople — Letter to tlie Secretary of the Navy — Praying 
of the Mahommedans — Arrival at Constantinople — Boarding Officer 
never heard of the United States — Salutes the Palace — Algerine 
Ambassador refused an Audience — Reis EfFendi — Receives the 
Protection of the British Ambassador — Capudan Pacha — Mr. Zacbe 
— Invitation to the Admiral's Palace — Requests not to hoist the 
Algerine Flag while in the Harbour — Prepares to return to Al- 
giers — Perilous Slate of the Commander at the Dardanelles — Bain- 
bridge's Explunations, by which his Life is saved — Gratitude of the 
Commander — Letter to the Secretary of the Navy on the subject of a 
Treaty — Compliment from the Capudan Pacha — His Passports — Ed- 
ward Daniel Clarke, the Eastern Traveller — Visit to the Thracian 
Bosphorus— Gardens of Seraglio — Mr. Clarke's Notice of the Frigate 
George Washington — A Notice of an Entertainment — Letter of Intro- 
duction from Mr. Clarke — Arrival oft' Algiers — Savage Demeanour of 
the Dey — Release of Venetian, Sicilian, and Maltese Prisoners — Con- 
veys French Consul and Family to Alicant — Receives the Tlianks of 
the First Consul of France — Returns to the United States, - 43 



CHAPTER UL 

Commodore Bainbridge appointed to the Frigate Essex — Ordered to 
Cruise against theBarbary Corsairs — Convoying American Merchant- 
men — Arrives at Barcelona — Difficulty with the Spanish Naval Offi- 
cers — Lieutenant S. Decatur threatens to cut off" the Spanish Officer's 
Ears— Consul Willis— American Minister — Mr. Humphreys at Ma- 
drid— Mr. Willis' opinion of our Naval Officers— Sails from Barcelona 
and arrives at Gibraltar — Touches at Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli — Re- 
turns to New York, thence to Washington— Engaged in trying Guns 



CONTENTS. Xlll 

at Havre de Grace — Joins the Squadron of Commodore Preble for the 
Mediterrantan, commanding Frigate Pliiladolpiiia— Capture of the 
Siiip Mirboha off the Coast of Morocco— Threatens to Iiang her Com- 
mander — Flogs his Corporal for striking a Prisoner— Sails in Search 
of a 32 Gun Moorish Frigate- Preble demands Reparation from the 
Moorish Government— Treaty of Peace— Thanks from the Secretary 
of the Navy through Commodore Preble, - - - 63 



CHAPTER IV. 

Arrival off Tripoli— Pursues an Enemy's Vessel— In the Chase, struck 
on a Rock— Is Captured— Official Letter— Letter of Condolence from 
her Officers— Mr. Nissen, the Danish Consul— His unwearied Kind- 
ness—Loss of Books— Supplied by Mr. Nissen— Commodore directs 
the Studies of his young Officers— Summoned to appear beture tiie Mi- 
nister — Required to write to Commodore Preble to release Tripoli- 
tan Prisoners — Refusal — Communicates the Bashaw's Complaint — 
Carries on a Correspondence with Preble by Cipher and with Sympa- 
thetic Ink— Communicates in this Way a Plan for the Destruction of 
the Frigate Philadelphia— Plan is adopted — Emaciated State of the 
Crew— Obtains for them Salt Provisions— Jack gets drunk and flogs 
the Tripolitans— Bastinado— His Affliction— Letter to his Wife from 
Prison — A Letter of Condolence from Preble, - - 71 



CHAPTER V. 

Fast of Ramadan — Biaram Festival — Bainbridge and Porter invited to 
it — Visits in succession the Bashaw, the Prime Minister, Bay of Ben- 
gazy, Sidi Mohammed Dgheis— Kind Treatment of the latter — Visits 
to the Country— Destruction of tiie Philadelphia, by Decatur— Man- 
ner in which her Destruction was effected — Rage of the Bashaw— Pri- 
soners confined to the Castle — Prisoners endeavour to escape — Disap- 
pointhients — Suffering from confined Air— Conduct of the Guarda 
Sclava— Bombardment of Tripoli by Preble— Gallant Conduct and 



XIV CONTENTS. 

brilliant Success of tiie American Frigate and Gunboats — Heroic Con- 
duct of Decatur, and others — Restores the Tripolitan Prisoners — Ba- 
shaw submitted Terms of Peace. American Vessel blown up — Bain- 
bridg-o injured by falling of the Prison Wall — Cowardly Conduct of 
the Tripolitan Guard — Rencontre between the Prisoners and Guard — 
Difficulty adjusted — Preble renews his Attack on the Town — Fire 
Ship — Awful Explosion — The heroic Sommers — B;tinbridge is per- 
mitted to examine the different Officers — Another Attempt to 
escape, •..-.. -97 



CHAPTER VI. 

General Eaton forms an acquaintance with Ex-Bashaw of 1'ripoli — A 
Plan for the Restoration of the deposed Bashaw and the Release of the 
American Prisoners at Tripoli — Eaton seeks Sidi Hamet in Egypt — 
Difficulties he encounters — Traverses the Deserts of Lybia — Orga- 
nizes the Army — Attack on, and Fall of Derne — Consternation in Tri- 
poli — Arrival of Colonel Lear at Tripoli in the Essex — Successful Ne- 
gotiation — Peace — Prisoners released — Noble Gratitude of the Ame- 
rican Sailors — Prisoners sent on board the United States Squadron — 
Sails for Syracuse — Court of Inquiry — Bainbridge and Officers return 
to the United States — Kindly received — Enters the Merchants' Service 
again — Perilous Situation — Takes the Command of the Portsmouth 
Station — Is appointed to the Command of the Frigate President — 
Sails for the North of Europe in a Merchant Vessel — Paul Hamilton's 
Letter — Meets Mr. Nisscn at Copenhagan — His Vessel captured and 
restored through the Agency of Mr. Nissen — A set of Plate given 
to Mr. Nissen — St. Petersburg — Returns across the Continent in 
mid-winter — Sir James Rylie — Letters to Baron Steingal, Barclay de 
Tolly, Baron Nicholn — Visits AUando, Stockholm, Gotheburg — Peril 
in passing the Orkneys — Arrives at Liverpool — Sails for Boston — 
Reports at Washington — Remonstrates against laying up the Ships 
of War — Takes Charge of the Boston Station — War declared — Ap- 
pointed to the Command of the Frigate Constellation — Afterwards to 
the Constitution — Sailed on a Cruise with the Hornet and Essex, for 
the Coast of Brazil, - - - -:..-: .109 



CONTENTS. XV 



CHAPTER VII. 

Constitution and Hornet arrive off St. Salvador— Bonne Citoyenne ly- 
ing in Harbour— The Ciiallenge— Tlie Refusal— Hostility of the Go- 
vernor of Bahia— His Partiality to the British Nation— Action with 
the Frigate Java— Official Letter — Bainbridge wounded — Heroic Con- 
duct of Jolin Chcevcr— Tiie Dream— Returns to St. Salvador— Pri- 
soners on Paroleof Honour— Returns tlie Sword of Captain Lambert — 
General Ilislop's Correspondence— Deatii of Captain Lambert— Or- 
ders to Captain Lawrence — Montague Seventy-four raises the Block- 
ade of the Bonne Citoyenne— Capture of the British Brig Peacock 
by tiie Hornet, ------ 141 



CHAPTER VHI. 

Letter of Commodore Bainbridge on the Subject of Prize Money— Con- 
stitution arrives in Boston— Bainbridge's Reception at Boston, New 
York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore— Honours conferred on him by 
Congress and several State Legislatures— The Opinions of George the 
Fourth, and of Admiral Jarvis— Cruise of the Essex- Commodore 
Bainbridge appointed to the Command of the Boston Navy Yard — 
Laid the Keel of the Line-of-battle sliip Independence— The Actions 
between the Chesapeake and Shannon— Honours conferred on Cap- 
tain Broke — Naval Signals — Ship Houses, - - 163 



CHAPTER IX. 

Ports of New England tlireatened by the Enemy — Exertions made to 
protect the Harbour of Boston— Letters to General Brooks— Boston 
Committee — How received — Harrison Gray Otis addresses the Town 
Meeting— Plan of Defence— Blockade of the Harbour removed— Pro- 
poses a Cruise for the Independence — Proposes the Formation of a 



XVI CONTENTS. 

Navy Board — War declared against Algiers — Commissioners to form 
a Trcaly of Peace — Peace made — A Misunderstanding with tiie Go- 
vernor of Malaga — Return to Gibraltar — Orders to Captain Shaw — 
Arrives in Boston — A Letter from Mr. Monroe and Mr. Crowninshield 
— A Letter to Mr. Felsh — Officers placed on Half Pay — A Proposi- 
tion to reduce the Navy, ----- 187 



CHAPTER X. 

Commodore Bainbridge ordered to select a Site for a Navy Yard — Ac- 
companies President Monroe in !iis Eastern Tour — Correspondence 
with General Hislop and liicutenant Elliot — Freedom of the City of 
Albany— Visits Canada — Letter from tiie Earl of Dalhousie — Ordered 
to the Command of the Colimibus — Sails for the Mediterranean — 
Settled Despatches at Gibraltar— General Don — Touches at Leghorn 
and Naples— The Revolution in Naples— General Nugent— Visits Sy- 
racuse, and the Barbary Capitals — Sends an Agent to Smyrna — Revo- 
cation of the Act exacting Duties on Provisions imposed by Spain — 
Adtniral Ruysch — Invitation to Genoa — Arrives in the Harbour of Tou- 
lon-Admiral Missiessy — Letter to the Secretary of the Navy — Arri- 
val of Commodore Jones, ----- 211 



CHAPTER XI. 

Commodore Bainbridge ordered to preside at a Board for Examination 
of Midshipmen — Appointed to the Philadelphia Station— Letter from 
the Emperor of Mexico— Ordered to the Boston Station— President of 
a Court Martial at New York— Appointed President of the Navy 
Board of Commissioners — A Commissioner to form Plans for the fu- 
ture Improvements of Navy Yards — Appointed to the Command of 
the Philadelphia Station— Difficulty with the Secretary of the Navy 
—The Compliment of a Public Dinner— Death of his Son— Ordered 
to the Command of the Boston Station— 111 Health— Resigns his Com- 
mand and returns to Philadelphia— Death— Character, - 235 



THE 



LIFE AND SERVICES 



OF 



COMMODORE lYIIililAM BAIJ\BR11>€JE. 



CHAPTER I. 



Character of the early Commanders of the Navy — Parentage of Commo- 
dore Bainbridge — Youthful Propensities — Inclination for the Ssa — 
Commenced his Career in the Merchant Service — Good Conduct — Sup- 
pressed a Mutiny — Conflict with a British Schooner — Impressed Sea- 
men — Successful Retaliation — Acquaintance with Miss Hyleger — Mar- 
riage — Appointment in the Navy — Command of the Schooner Retalia- 
tion — Cruise in the West Indies — Capture— Russe de Guerre — Gen. 
Desferneaux — Victor Hughs — Harsh Treatment of American prisoners 
— Permission to visit the Dungeon where the Prisoners were confined — 
Ponsea Frigate — Offer to release the Prisoners — Return to the United 
States in a Cartel — Conduct approved — Promoted to a Master and 
Commander — Appointed to the Command of Brig Norfolk — Cruise in 
the West Indies — Large Convey — Chased by a French Frigate — Re- 
turn to the United States — Lieutenants promoted over him — Again 
sailed for Cape Francois — Entertained by Toussant — Wished Captain 
Bainbridge to deliver French Prisoners into his Hands — Capture of a 
French Man-of-war Barge — Capture of a French Lugger — Horrid 
Spectacle — Cruise off Havanna — Blockade of French Privateer — Let- 
ter of Thanks from the American Merchants in Havanna — Return to 
the Port of Pliiladelphia — Promoted to a Captaincy. 

The brief history of the United States derives much of its 
glory from the bravery, skill, and patriotism of many of the 
3 



18 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

extraordinary men, whom our government selected as offi- 
cers at the first organization of the navy under the present 
constitution. They possessed an energetic boldness, a manly 
dignity, a devoted patriotism, and an untiring zeal in the 
acquirement of professional knowledge, which won the ap- 
plause of their countrymen, and commanded the respect of 
foreigners. No officer possessed these qualities in a more 
eminent degree than the subject of this memoir. Possessing 
neither political nor great family influence, he rose to emi- 
nence by the force of his own character. 

The ancestor of Commodore Bainbridge, who in the year 
IGOO settled in the province of New Jersey, was the son of 
Sir Arthur Bainbridge of Durham county, England. His 
father, Absalom Bainbridge, was a descendant, of the fifth 
generation, from Sir Arthur. He was a physician of distinc- 
tion, and practised, in the early part of his life, in the town 
of Princeton, in his native state, whence he removed to the 
city of New York, about the commencement of the Revolu- 
tionary war, which aflforded a more ample field for the ex- 
ercise of his talents. In this situation his professional eflTorts 
were crowned with the success he anticipated. He died in 
the year 1807, mature in age, leaving to his children the 
example of a useful and virtuous life. 

William, his fourth son, and the subject of this biography, 
was born in Princeton on the seventh of May, 1774. — He 
was early distinguished among his youthful associates, for 
his generous daring, and adventurous disposition. A vigo- 
rous and athletic frame, nerved by a dauntless spirit, 
urged him into the foremost rank in every boyish enterprise 
when peril was to be encountered. 

John Taylor, Esq., of Monmouth county. New Jersey, his 
maternal grandfather, a citizen of wealth and respectability, 
requested and obtained permission to superintend the educa- 
tion of William. No opportunity was lost to impress on the 
plastic mind of his grandson, whom he most tenderly loved. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 19 

the importance of those high moral sentiments which should 
be the rule of conduct of every one who expects to secure 
the esteem of his fellow citizens. 

While successfully engaged in his scholastic duties he be- 
came suddenly inspired with a desire to embrace the profes- 
sion of a sailor. By eager importunities he obtained the 
consent of his parents, and at the age of fifteen, embarked 
on board a merchant vessel about to sail from Philadelphia. 
He was placed under the care and patronage of a highly 
respectable and intelligent commander, who soon discovered 
in young Bainbridge peculiar qualities for the vocation he 
had adopted. Obliging, industrious, and ambitious, he per- 
formed every duty assigned to him, in a manner to command 
the approbation of his superiors. His good conduct procured 
for him the appointment of first mate of a ship in the Hol- 
land trade, when only eighteen years of age. During his 
first voyage after promotion, the crew mutinied, seized the 
captain, and were about to throw him overboard, when young 
Bainbridge sprang upon deck, rescued his Commander, and 
with the assistance of the second mate, and an old faithful 
sailor, overpowered the mutineers, and secured the ring-lead- 
ers in irons, after a hard and trying struggle. His manly 
conduct on this occasion, added to the nautical skill, and 
sound judgment, which he always disclosed, inspired the own- 
ers of the sliip with such confidence in him, that in the fol- 
lowing year, when only nineteen years of age, they appointed 
him her commander. In this I'csponsible station he received 
the approbation of his cmplo3'^ers, and tlie respect of those 
with whom he was associated on duty. 

At this early period of his career, Bainbridge discovered 
traits of character, which adhered to him through life. 
Proud of his country, and jealous of the rights of her citi- 
zens, he would never allow the one to be disparaged with- 
out promptly resenting it, nor the others to be injured witlv 



20 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

out redressing their wrongs, provided the means were in his 
power. 

In the year 1796, whilst Captain Bainbridge was lying at 
anchor in the Garonne, opposite Bourdeaux, he was hailed 
for assistance by an officer of an American ship whose crew 
was in a state of mutiny. With that promptitude for which 
he was distinguished, he immediately repaired on board, and 
quelled the mutiny; but in doing so, had nearly lost his life, 
by a severe wound, occasioned by an accidental explosion of 
powder. During the same year, while off the island of St. 
Johns, in the ship Hope, on his passage from Bourdeaux to 
the island of St. Thomas, he was attacked by a British 
schooner, of eight carriage guns, and thirty men. The 
schooner commenced a fire without at first showing her co- 
lours, but when it was returned, she hoisted the British en- 
sign. The action was briskly maintained until the enemy 
was much injured by the fire of the Hope, in her hull, spars 
and rigging, when she struck her flag, after having several 
of her men killed and wounded. 

The armament of the Hope consisted of four nine pound- 
ers, and eleven men. When the schooner struck, the high- 
spirited crew of the American vessel wished to board, and 
take possession of the prize. They were restrained, how- 
ever, by Captain Bainbridge, on the ground that the guns 
were put on board their own vessel, for defence alone, as au- 
thorized by law at that time. He then hailed the captain 
of the schooner, directed him to " go about his business, and 
report to his masters, that if his ship were wanted they must 
either send a greater force or a more skilful commander^ 
and then proceeded on his course." The conduct of Bain- 
bridge in tliis affair, which was marked with great spirit 
and prudence, procured him an elevated standing among the 
merchants. He had, in consequence of it, offers of the com- 
mand of the finest vessels in the port of Philadelphia. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 21 

On a returning voyage from the north of Europe, he was 
boarded by a Ueutenant of a British hnc of battle ship, 
who in accordance with the odious practice of impressment, 
commanded him to muster his crew, and show his shipping 
articles ; an indignity to which the commanders of all mer- 
chant vessels were at that time compelled to submit, ra- 
ther than by resistance, in most cases necessarily unavail- 
ing, expose their vessels and cargo to the danger of capture 
and condemnation in the British courts of admiralty. The 
first man examined was Allen M'Kinsey, who from his 
name was pronounced a Scotchman. Captain Bainbridge 
stated to the lieutenant, that he was born in the city 
of Philadelphia, and was his first mate. The boarding 
officer affected to doubt the truth of this declaration, be- 
came very insolent, and when about to seize M'Kinsey, Cap- 
tain Bainbridge intimated to him to repair to his cabin, 
where he would find a sabre and pistols to defend himself. 

The mate quickly availed himself of the intimation, and 
as he descended the companion-way, boldly declared that he 
would kill the first man who attempted to force him from 
the ship. The officer, judging of M'Kinsey's determined 
purpose from his manner, prudently refrained from a jjur- 
suit. Anothei" young man was then seized and ordered into 
the barge. Captain Bainbridge remonstrated against this 
outrage, stating, that this man claimed as a British subject, 
was a native of the United States, and had a wife and chil- 
dren in Philadelphia. He added, that as his vessel was 
feebly manned, her safety would be endangered by any di- 
minution of his crew. Finding expostulations of no avail, 
he told the officer in a spirited tone, that he would supply 
the place of this seaman, by seizing one out of the first Bri- 
tish merchantman he met, provided she was not of superior 
strength. The lieutenant observed with a contemptuous 
sneer, that an American merchant captain would not dare 



22 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

to impress one of his majesty's subjects, and nodding dis- 
dainfully, carried off his victim. 

Five days afterwards Captain Bainhridge fell in with an 
English armed merchant brig, of eight guns and twenty 
men, which, after preparing for action, he brought to by 
firing a gun across her bow. He kept the guns of the Hope 
bearing on the brig, while he ordered his first mate to seize 
and bring on board an able unmarried seaman. This order 
was promptly, though with some difficulty, executed ; after 
which the English captain was hailed, and informed, " that 
he might report, that Captain WilUam Bainhridge had taken 
one of his majesty's subjects, in retaliation for a seaman 
taken from the American ship Hope, by Lieutenant Norton, 
of the Indefatigable Razee, commanded by Sir Edward Pel- 
lew,''^ afterwards the celebrated Lord Exmouth. 

This seaman was allowed full wages, and on his arrival 
in the United States was regularly paid, discharged, and not 
dissatisfied with either the service, or country into which he 
had been forced. 

The proceeding of Captain Bainhridge on this occasion 
was, doubtless, as illegal, as the act which provoked it; but, 
to a mind like his, alive to the honour of his country, and 
the rights of his fellow-citizens, especially of those under his 
immediate protection, the outrage he was compelled to wit- 
ness, by which a citizen of the United States was torn from 
his country and family, perhaps for ever, was an abundant 
justification. Although it afforded no redress for the origi- 
nal wrong, yet it was designed to show the naval officers 
of Great Britain, that the rights of American citizens, so far 
as they were committed to the protection of Captain Bain- 
bridge, were not to be violated with impunity.* 

* Is n, ^is a favourable juncture to settle the vexed question of the 
"right of . ch for seamen," to which Great Britain has so pertinaciously 
urged her right, and which the government of this country has as sternly 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 23 

In the year 1798, Captain Bainbridge, on his passage 
from Europe, touched at St. Bartholomew, where he be- 

resisted? Prior to the treaty made by Messrs. Monroe and Pinckney In 1806, 
the Government of Great Britain could not be induced in her several nego- 
tiations with the United States, to make a satisfactory an-angement for the 
protection of our seaman. Great Britain maintained that she had a legal 
authority to seize and take her seamen wherever they were found. Al- 
though this negotiation afforded some hope of an amicable adjustment of 
the difficulties, and the treaty was, it is believed, satisfactory in all other 
respects; yet, so seriously did Mr. Jefferson, then president, consider the 
evil of impressment, that he promptly rejected It, without even consulting 
the senate, for no other reason than Its omission to provide against the 
seizure of American citizens on tlie "high seas." He declared, that "he 
could not reconcile It to his duty to our sea-faring citizens, or with the sen- 
slbilitj' and sovereignty of the nation, to recognise even by construction, a 
principle which would expose their lives, their liberties, every thing, in 
short, wliich Is dearest to the human heart, to the decision or interested sen- 
tences, which may be pronounced against their allegiance, by officers of a 
foreign government, whom neither the laws of nations, or even that govern- 
ment, will allow to decide on the ownership, or character of tlie minutest 
article of property in the like situation." 

For this evil, against which the United States had so long, but ineffectual- 
ly remonstrated, it is obvious Mr. Jefferson sought to obtain a permanent and 
effective remedy, requiring a formal renunciation by treaty, of an alleged 
right, from the exercise of which, the nation had not only suffered and con- 
tinued to suffer incalculable injury, but which might become, as It after- 
wards did, with other provocations, the cause of hostilities. It may be 
added here, as a part of the history of the times, that the British ministers, 
when they agreed to the treaty. Informed Messrs. Monroe and Pinckney, 
that although tiien engaged in a desperate struggle with France, and there- 
fore not disposed formally "to relinquish the right of search of merchant 
ships for British seamen," they were willing to make a temporary arrange- 
ment, " by which its practice would be essentially, if not completely aban- 
doned, with an assurance, that in their judgment, the United States would 
be made as secure against such pretensions by the policy which their go- 
vernment had adopted, in regard to this difficult and Important question, as 
it could be by treaty." 

The arrangement proposed by the British, and accepted by the American 
ministers, was, that the right of both parties should be reserved, and the nego- 
tiation proceed on the other topics, and after a treaty is formed embracing all 



24 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

came acquainted with Miss Susan Hyleger, the daughter of 
a highly respectable merchant, and grand-daughter of the 
Honourable John Hyleger, of Holland, and for many years 
Governor of St. Eustatia. This lady, distinguished alike for 
her beauty and amiable qualities, he afterwards married. 

A new field was now opened by our government for en- 
terprising and chivalrous exertion. Our difficulties with 
France rendered it necessary to organize a small navy for 
the protection of our commerce, and as we had not at that 
time a sufficient number of officers regularly instructed in 
naval duty, it became necessary, in addition to several who 
had distinguished themselves in the war of the revolution, 
to make judicious selections from those in the merchant ser- 
vice. 

The reputation Captain Bainbridge had acquired for in- 

subjects, but that of impressment, Great Britain pledges herself not " to 
trespass on those rights while the neg'Otiation is depending, and in case she 
did, in any, the slightest degree, the United States were to to be justified 
in breaking off the negotiation, and appealing to force to vindicate tlieir 
rights." In a private letter, written several years after by Mr. Monroe to 
Mr. Madison, he stated, that in his opinion, the arrangement which had been 
rejected by our government was, with the explanation given at the " time, 
both honourable and advantageous to the United States, and contained a 
concession in their favoui', never before made by a formal and obligatory 
act of the government." 

Although the war conferred great benefits on this country, in awakening 
a proper national spirit — In proving the great importance of a navy as a 
means of national defence — in showing our ability to repel maritime ag- 
gp^'essions, still it failed in compelling Great Britain formally to abandon her 
offensive claim to her " right of search." 

The interests of both nations, and the cause of humanity require that 
the claims of each should be amicably adjusted by a timely negotiation, 
before events should recur to call into action a practice to which thousands 
of our citizens have been victims, and which our honour, interest, and so- 
vereignty will compel us to resist to the last extremity. If the settlement of 
theprinciple was important in the days of Mr. Jefferson, it is certainly not less 
so at this time. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 25 

telligence, decision of character, and bravery, attracted the 
attention of the secretary at war, then acting as secretary 
of the navy, who offered him the commission of a heutenant 
and commander. He was immediately appointed to the com- 
mand of the Schooner Retaliation, late le Croyahle ; a prize 
just talcen from the French by Captain Decatur, in the sloop 
of war Delaware, the father of the distinguished and la- 
mented Commodore Stephen Decatur. 

In September, 1798, Lieutenant Bainbridge, in the Il< <:a- 
liation, with Captain Williams, in the brig Norfolk, were or- 
dered to cruise in the West Indies, under Commodore Mur- 
ray, who then commanded the frigate Montezuma. By his 
vigilance, untiring exertions, and wholesome discipline. Lieu- 
tenant Bainbridge soon attracted the attention and received 
the applause of his superior officers. While cruising off Gua- 
daloupe, in November, 1798, three sail were discovered to 
the E. S. E. about two leagues distant, thought to be Bri- 
tish. About the same time two other vessels liove in sight 
to the west, to which the United States sloop-of-v/ar Mon- 
tezuma and Norfolk gave chase. 

Though a variety of circumstances led to the belief that 
the cruisers to the east were British, they unfortunately 
proved to be French. One of the frigates, the Insurgent, 
commenced a fire upon the Retaliation, hoisted the French 
flag, and ordered her to strike. The flag ship Volontier 
ranged alongside, and ordered Lieutenant Bainbridge to re- 
pair on board. These two frigates were from France by the 
way of Cayenne; the former carrying thirty -six guns, the 
latter forty-four. 

When Lieutenant Bainbridge reached the deck of the Vo- 
lontier, he presented his sword, which was politely declined 
by Commodore St. Lawrence, observing, " You had, sir, no op- 
portunity to defend yourself; I therefore, beg you to retain 
your sword." 

The two frigates then gave chase to the Montezuma and 
4 



26 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

Norfolk, and as the Insurgent was gaining on them rapidly, 
their capture appeared inevitable. The officers of the Vo- 
lontier had collected on the forecastle to observe the pur- 
suit, and while Lieutenant Bainbridge was contemplating 
with feelings of distress, the perilous situation of his late com- 
panions, he was interrogated by Commodore St. Lawrence 
as to the size of the American vessels. With great presence 
of mind, he replied, that the ship mounted twenty-eight 
twelve-pounders, and the brig twenty nine-pounders. He 
thus represented the force to be double what it really was, 
and by this adroit and pardonable deception, he saved the 
American vessels, as the commodore instantly gave to his 
consort a signal of recall. The Insurgent was thus induced 
to relinquish the chase when both vessels were completely 
in her power. When she returned within hailing distance 
of the Volo7itier, Captain Barro, her commander, observed 
with great displeasure to Commodore St. Lawrence, that if 
it had not been for the signal of recall he would have cap- 
tured both vessels. After repeating the force of the vessels 
as it had been detailed to him by his captive, the commo- 
dore remarked that the Insurgent was not able to contend 
successfully against such an armament. Barro replied, un- 
der much excitement, that there was not a gun on board ei- 
ther vessel heavier than a six pounder, and so far from his 
having any thing to apprehend, he could have captured both 
in ten minutes. On receiving this information, St. Lawrence 
turned upon Bainbridge and sternly observed, " Did you not 
say, sir, that the force of those vessels was such as I have 
stated?" The latter as sternly replied, that if he could save 
the ships of his government, by misrepresenting their strength, 
he would under such circumstances consider himself justifi- 
able in hazarding the assertion. Though evidently annoyed 
with a russe de guerre, which lost him two valuable prizes, 
as he did not notice the subject farther, and as he treated 
Lieutenant Bainbridge, as long as he continued his prisoner, 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 27 

with great kindness and courtesy, it was apparent that he 
considered the act one of those justifiable deceptions fre- 
quently practised in time of war. 

The frigates, with their prize, the Retaliation, pursued 
their course to Guadaloupe, and, the following day, anchored 
six miles from Basseterre, the capital of the island. They 
carried with them General Desfemeaux, who had been sent 
out from France to supersede the famous Victor Hughes, as 
governor of the island. 

The officers and crew of the Retaliation were ordered to 
a loathsome prison ; but through the humane intercession of 
Commodore St. Lawrence, the officers were permitted to re- 
main on board the frigate. After ten days' detention on board 
the frigate. Lieutenant Bainbridge was permitted to visit the 
shore, on parole of honour without his uniform, for the pur- 
pose of arranging with General Desferneaux an exchange of 
prisoners, in accordance with instructions transmitted to him 
by Commodore Murray. 

The governor promised to liberate the officers and crew, 
and restore the Retaliation, provided Lieutenant Bainbridge, 
as the representative of his nation, would agree to consider 
the island of Guadaloupe as neutral, during the conflict be- 
tween the French Republic and the United States. The ge- 
neral being a man of talents and insinuating address, used all 
the arts he possessed to overreach our young diplomatist in 
this, his first negotiation. He stated that many advantages 
would result from the establishment of commercial relations, 
between this island and the United States, and that he would 
enjoy the glory of succeeding in a measure which could not 
be otherwise than popular in his country. He professed not 
to consider the officers and crew of the Retaliation as priso- 
ners of war, but simply detained from political motives, and 
intended to treat them as friends and allies. 

Lieutenant Bainbridge replied, that his authority extended 
no farther than to ente^ into an arrangement for an exchange 



28 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

of prisoners. Whatever might be the views of the general 
in regard to their condition, he considered himself, officers 
and crew, as held not only in captivity, but as being treated 
with great barbarity. General Desferneaux admitted the 
truth of these representations, but attributed the irregula- 
rity to Victor Hughes, whose orders, he said, could not be re- 
voked, until the deposed governor left the island. After the 
lapse of a few days, the disgraced governor was sent on board 
the Volontier as a national prisoner. 

The prisoners now expected with some confidence an ame- 
lioration of their condition, if not an entire release from con- 
finement. Lieutenant Bainbridge waited on General Des- 
ferneaux, and informed him that his countrymen were near- 
ly in a state of starvation ; and that among them were a num- 
ber of highly respectable masters of vessels, who were almost 
daily insulted, beaten, and confined in a dungeon, at the ca- 
price of an unfeeling, drunken, and brutal jailor. 

The governor faithfully promised to ameliorate the treat- 
ment of the prisoners, and though Lieutenant Bainbridge 
was not permitted to visit the prison, he could not doubt the 
sincerity of the pledge which had been made to him. On 
the twenty-eighth of December, however, he was informed 
that the situation of the prisoners was even worse than 
during the despotic and heartless reign of Victor Hughes. 

He again called on General Desferneaux, and stated to 
him that on Christmas night, a few of the prisoners were 
amusing themselves by singing, when the jailor rushed into 
their apartment, backed by his myrmidons, and seized 
twelve of them, most of whom were undressed and in their 
hammocks, and rudely forced them into a dungeon, in which 
there was only a small hole, to admit air and a mere ray of 
light. In this situation they remained nearly in a state of 
nudity and starvation, with no other bed than the damp cold 
earth. 

The governor permitted Lieutenant Bainbridge to visit the 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 29 

dungeon, and appointed an officer to accompany him, who 
was instructed at the same time to inquire into the situation 
of the prisoners. Bainbridge found his sutfering countrymen 
in a state approaching to nakedness, without any thing to eat 
except a Httle raw salt beef, and without even a handful of 
straw to interpose between their unprotected bodies and the 
cold muddy ground. 

Such a spectacle of misery and horror would have awa- 
kened the sympathy of a Nero or a Caligula. Its pain- 
ful impression on the acute feelings of the sensitive Bain- 
bridge may well be imagined. He returned to the governor, 
boldly remonstrated against conduct so adverse to humanity, 
and the modern usages of war, with no other etfect than 
again to receive promises for their future good treatment. 
No amelioration of their condition took place — even their 
clothes were withheld from them, which the unfeeling jailor 
declared he would retain as a punishment for their alleged 
misconduct. 

About the last of December, the Ponsea frigate arrived at 
Guadaloupe from Point Petre, having on board between 
twenty and thirty Americans, who had been captured by 
French privateers. These prisoners wei'e compelled to do 
duty as a part of the crew of the Ponsea, in consequence, as 
alleged by the captain, of the diminution of his force by pre- 
vious sickness. 

As soon as Lieutenant Bainbridge became acquainted with 
the circumstances, he requested governor Desferneaux to 
hberate them from a position in which they might be com- 
pelled to fight against their countrymen, and to treat them 
as prisoners of war on the island, until legally exchanged; 
or, if they were neutrals, as he had intimated in a previous 
conversation, there could be no justifiable reason for their 
detention on board a public ship, then within his power. 

The intriguing and wily governor, always generous in pro- 
fessions and promises, gave prompt assurances that the pri- 



30 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

soners should be landed, but in two days afterwards Lieute- 
nant Bainbridge had the mortification to see the Ponsea sail 
for France, without releasing one of his captured country- 
men. 

The next day, while Bainbridge was still burning with in- 
dignation in consequence of being thus trifled with by the 
governor, the latter sent a polite message requesting an im- 
mediate conference. Without adverting to the affair of the 
Ponsea, the governor stated that he wished to make the ar- 
rangements which he had previously hinted at, in relation 
to the restoration of the Retalialioji and the release of her of- 
ficers and crew, and regretted that political considerations 
had prevented an earlier execution of his intentions. He of- 
fered to liberate all citizens of the United States, captured 
previously to his arrival, and expressed a wish that the go- 
vernment of the United States would open a trade with Gua- 
daloupe, where they should be respected as friends and al-. 
lies. 

The governor promised the immediate fulfilment of these 
engagements, provided Lieutenant Bainbridge would pledge 
his honour to proceed directly to the United States, and not 
to capture or molest French vessels in his homeward pas- 
sage. Bainbridge remarked, that while the prisons of Bas- 
seterre were crowded with his fellow citizens, many of whom 
had been brought into port since his arrival; and American 
merchant vessels had been condemned as lawfvil prizes, he 
must ^be excused if he doubted his expressed good will, to- 
wards either the government or citizens of the United States. 
The offer, therefore, to restore the Retaliation could not be 
accepted, unless he was permitted to follow the instructions 
of his government, to capture all armed vessels sailing under 
the flag of the French republic. The Retaliation was now 
a French prize, being recaptured by two national frigates. 
He could not therefore take command of a vessel belonging 
to an enemy, with a pledge to be governed by an enemy's 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 31 

orders, without disgracing himself as an officer, and render- 
ing himself liable to punishment by a court martial. If he 
returned in the Retaliation, she must be made a cartel, and 
commanded by a French oflicer. The governor being no 
longer able to suppress his exasperated feelings at the inde- 
pendent stand taken by Bainbridge, threatened him with im- 
prisonment if he longer refused to accept his propositions. 
Lieutenant Bainbridge replied, that no fear of punishment 
could induce him to abandon the principles which should al- 
ways govern him as an officer, and he must therefore re- 
peat, that if compelled to leave Guadaloupe, his sense of 
duty would require him to obey the orders of his own go- 
vernment. 

The governor at last determined to tit out a cartel, under 
the command of a proper officer to convey the prisoners to 
the United States, and which should be accompanied by the 
Retaliation, with her proper officers and crew. Lieutenant 
Bainbridge was sent for by General Desferneaux, and in- 
formed not only of this arrangement, but that he had pre- 
pared despatches to be presented to the President of the 
United States, in which he assured him of the neutral posi- 
tion of the island ; and, as a pledge of his sincerity, he had 
released the Retaliation, with her officers and crew, and all 
other prisoners on the island, amounting to nearly three hun- 
dred. 

The governor having made these arrangements, he in- 
formed Lieutenant Bainbridge, that he had resolved to" com- 
pel the immediate departure of the Retaliation, and in the 
event of any act of hostility being committed previously to 
her arrival in the United States, he would put to death every 
American prisoner, which might be hereafter captured and 
brought to the island. To these circumstances, were added, 
the importunities of the prisoners, among whom were seve- 
ral highly respectable masters of vessels, that the terms pro- 
posed should be acceded to, as the only means by which 



32 LIFE AND SERVICES OP 

tliey could be extricated from the insults and insupportable 
sufferings to which they were exposed. 

As the governor had sufficient force to compel obedience, 
there was no alternative but to sail as directed, in company 
with the cartel, under the character of prisoners of v>'ar, sub- 
jected to the direction of Monsieur Le Blanc, who was also 
special messenger, and bearer of despatches from Governor 
Desferneaux, to the President of the United States. 

On the return of Lieutenant Bainbridge, his whole con- 
duct was highly approved of by the government; and, as an 
evidence of it, he was immediately promoted to the rank of 
master and commander, and ordered to the brig-of-war Nor- 
folk, of eighteen guns, then anchored in the river Delaware, 
with directions to fit her for active service, with all possi- 
ble despatch. 

The President of the United States communicated the 
transactions at Guadaloupe to Congress, which, with great 
unanimity passed the Retaliation Act, which provides, that 
if any citizen of the United States who shall have been im- 
pressed, or forced by violence or threats, to enter on board 
a French cruiser, " hath suffered death, or hath received 
other corporeal punishment, or shall be imprisoned with un- 
usual severity, by order of the executive directory of the 
French Republic, or of any officer or agent acting under 
their authority, in pursuance of any decree of the said di- 
rectory, or law of the French Republic ; it shall be lawful 
for the President of the United States, and he is hereby em- 
powered and required to cause the most rigorous retaliation 
to be executed on any such citizens of the French Republic 
as have been, or hereafter may be, captured in pursuance 
of any of the laws of the United States." 

Neither this law nor the conduct of Captain Bainbridge 
seems to have met with the approbation of Mr. Jefferson, then 
Vice-President of the United States. In a letter to Mr. 
Pendleton, of Virginia, he observes, that " the captain 



COMMODOJIE BAINBRIDGE. 33 

(Bainbridge) insisted on being a prisoner, Desfourneaux dis- 
claimed, and so he arrived here with his vessel the day be- 
fore yesterday. Within an hour after this was known to 
the senate, they passed the retaliation act." 

The quasi war, as it has been termed, directed by the 
acts of May and June, 1798, authorizing the capture of 
French vessels, which had committed aggressions on our 
commerce, and of armed vessels of France, was distinguished 
by the victories of Truxton in the Constellation frigate of 
thirty-six guns, over the French frigate L'Insurgent, of forty 
guns, and over La Vengeance, of fifty-four. 

It may be difficult, at this distant day, to decide how far the 
great interests of the nation were affected, by the compara- 
tively unimportant events at Guadaloupe, and the prompt 
measures of government which succeeded, or whether they 
contributed to promote, or prevent a reconciliation with 
France. It appears from the following extract of a letter, from 
Mr. Jefferson to Mr. Madison, that he considered the trans- 
actions at Guadaloupe, and the communication from Gene- 
ral Desfourneaux as favourable indications of the disposi- 
tions of that government, and as having an important bear- 
ing on our relations with them. "■ The object (says he,) of 
Le Blanc's mission, who came in the Retaliation, was not, 
at all, for the exchange of prisoners, but they (the govern- 
ment of the United States,) choose to keep up the idea of a 
cartel, to prevent the transaction from being used as evidence 
of the sincerity of the French Government towards a recon- 
ciliation. He came to assure us of a discontinuance of all 
irregularities in French privateers from Guadaloupe." 

From the nature of the retaliation act, so promptly 
passed after Bainbridge's return, and from the cavalier re- 
ception which the French agent is said to have received, it 
may be inferred, that congress and the executive considered 
the overtures, either as not sincere, or as giving no security 
against future aggressions ; or, what is more probable, they 
5 



34 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

may have been regarded as partial in their operation, to 
obtain commercial advantages for a single port, while the 
trade of the United States would continue exposed to de- 
predations from all the others. 

Whatever may have been the motives of our government 
in the course pursued, Mr. Jefferson did not approve of them, 
as he considered the mission from General Desfourneaux of 
a conciliatory character. Such an inference, however, 
cannot be fairly drawn from the facts disclosed. It is evi- 
dent, that General Desfourneaux wished to obtain certain 
commercial advantages for the port of Guadaloupe alone, 
and had the audacity to offer Bainbridge certain private ad- 
vantages, provided he would second his views. That such 
was his aim is fully disclosed in his letter to the President of 
the United States, published in the papers of the day, in 
which, after communicating the decree of the Directory of 
the 13th Thermidor, (12th of August, 1798,) by which, 
among other measures to restrain privateers, it is provided, 
that " the agents of the Republic at Guadaloupe, shall take 
care that the interests of neutrals and allies shall be scru- 
pulously respected; he assured the President that the citi- 
zens of the United States may come and exchange their 
produce for the productio?ts of the island, and dispose of their 
property freely." 

This decree had been communicated to Mr. Gerry, the 
American minister, as early as the third of August, and, of 
course, must have been received by the American govern- 
ment, before it was transmitted by General Desfourneaux. 

On the 29th of the following October, the Executive Di- 
rectory had decreed, that every individual of a nation, allies, 
or neutrals, forming a part of the crew of a ship of war of the 
enemies of France, shall, by that single fact, be declared a 
pirate, without being permitted to allege that he had been 
forced into such service. The execution of this decree 
(passed, it is presumed, in consequence of the impressment 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 35 

of our seamen by Great Britain) was, however, suspended 
within a few days after its passage ; but leaving in force 
that of 1797, by which American seamen were to be treated 
as spies, if found on board of vessels belonging to the ene- 
mies of France. These extraordinary decrees, the treat- 
ment of our prisoners at Guadaloupe, and what Mr. Jeffer- 
son, on another occasion, denominates " the atrocious con- 
duct of France towards neutral Nations, and, especially, to 
the United States," tended to widen the breach between the 
two governments. 

Professor Tucker, in his recent life of Mr. Jefferson, ad- 
mits that the prompt and energetic conduct of our govern- 
ment in consequence for the improper treatment which our 
envoys received in Paris, and of the prisoners at Guadaloupe, 
tended materially to awaken a more conciliatory disposition 
on the part of the Directory. He intimates a doubt, indeed, 
whether this friendly disposition would have been mani- 
fested by France, if her conduct had been less warmly and 
generally resented. 

To claim for the conduct of Captain Bainb ridge, and that 
of the government, in consequence of it, some degree of influ- 
ence in producing this favourable change in our relations 
with France, cannot be deemed unreasonable. In this state 
of affairs, the frigate United States, commanded by Commo- 
dore Barry, sailed for France, on the third of November, 
1799, with new envoys, Messrs. Ellsworth and Davie, who 
joined Mr. Gerry, the former associate of Messrs. Marshall 
and Pinckney. 

Agreeably to an assurance, previously required of the 
French Government, the recently appointed envoys were 
received with all the respect due to their character and 
country. 

After the overthrow of the French Directory, and Bona- 
parte had succeeded to the government as First Consul, our 
ministers readily negotiated with him an advantageous 
peace. 



36 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

The notice taken of these transactions is more extend- 
ed, than their intrinsic importance would seem to warrant ; 
but as Mr. Jefferson has given a conspicuous place to 
them in his correspondence, the writer deems it due to his- 
torical truth, and to the memory of a distinguished officer, 
to give all the facts, which he feels assured, will place the 
conduct of Bainbridge bejfond reproach. 

After the Norfolk was "prepared for sea, Bainbridge was 
directed to report himself to Commodore Truxton, who then 
commanded the frigate Constellation, in the West Indies. 

While cruising among the Leeward Islands, the Norfolk 
carried away both topmasts, while in chase of a large three 
masted, armed schooner recently from Guadaloupe. This 
accident alone prevented the capture of the schooner. 

He proceeded to St. Kitts to repair damages, when he 
took under convoy a fleet of one hundred and nineteen sail 
of merchant vessels bound to different parts of the United 
States. They received convoy to 36° of latitude, north of 
which, no danger was apprehended, from the cruisers of the 
enemy. Two days before he abandoned his convoy, he fell 
in with a French frigate. He immediately made signals for 
the fleet to disperse, and hj pursuing a different course 
with the Norfolk, invited the frigate to give her chase. By 
this manoeuvre, and superior sailing, the frigate was drawn 
off so far from the convoy as to afford her, as well as the Nor- 
folk, an opportunity to escape in the night. According to 
previous arrangements, all the vessels were collected the 
next day. 

Master and Commander Bainbridge returned from this 
cruise to New York, in the month of August. While absent 
on this arduous service he had the mortification to learn, 
that five lieutenants were promoted over him to the rank 
of Captain. Such a violation of his rights, he could not 
have anticipated, particularly as his whole conduct had al- 
ways received the unqualified approbation of the govern- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 37 

ment. In vain he r^nonstrated against this act of injus- 
tice, but received no other reparation than an assurance, 
that such irregularities should not again occur, and that in 
future, the rights conferred by rank should be duly regarded. 
Though his pride was so deeply wounded as to incline him 
to resign, his attachment to the service, and the urgent so- 
licitation of friends, prevented his pursuing a course which 
would have been greatly injurious to the interest and effi- 
ciency of the navy. 

Our difficulties with France continuing. Captain Bain- 
bridge was ordered to superintend the repairs of the Nor- 
folk, and to fit her for sea again as speedily as possible. 
After this duty had been performed, he sailed from Sandy 
Hook on the 12th of September, 1799, for Cape Francois, 
where he received the orders of. Commodore Christopher R. 
Perry, the father of the distinguished Oliver H. Perry, to 
cruise off Hispaniola. 

Touching at Cape Francois, then in possession of a negro 
government, he fired a salute, which was promptly returued 
by the fort, after which Captain Bainbridge waited on Ge- 
neral Toussaint, and was received by him with great urba- 
nity. Toussaint accepted an invitation to visit the Norfolk, 
and General Christophe, another negro general, expressed 
some surprise at the circumstance, as he [Toussaint] had 
been repeatedly invited by the commanders of English, 
French, and American vessels of war, to visit them, but had 
always declined. Toussaint seemed much gratified by the 
attentions he received, evinced no little curiosity and intelli- 
gence, by his questions in relation to the difTerent objects in 
the fighting department, which presented themselves to his 
observation. 

Captain Bainbridge was invited, in return, to dine with 
Toussaint, and was surprised to observe a dinner, not only 
sumptuous, but served up with much taste and elegance. 
The entertainment was conducted with great decorum, and 



38 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

some pretensions to refinement. The dinner party con- 
sisted of Bainbridge and forty sable officers, in richly em- 
broidered dresses ; and, although they treated him with great 
courtesy, he inferred from their stiff and lofty bearing, that 
his presence was not considered by them as any particular 
compliment. The first toast given, was the health of Tous- 
saint, by General Christophe, the next was that of their 
guest, given by Toussaint. 

After some general conversation, Toussaint asked Captain 
Bainbridge what disposition he intended to make of the pri- 
soners he had taken from the brigand Riego, who command- 
ed the south part of the island. Without waiting an an- 
swer, he signified his willingness to take charge of them, pro- 
vided Captain Bainbridge would land them. Toussaint was 
asked, in what manner he proposed to treat them, in the 
event of their being placed in his power, to which he quick- 
ly replied, he would draw them out and shoot them. Cap- 
tain Bainbridge, of course, declined the proffered services, by 
assuring Toussaint, that if he w^ere to accede to his wishes, 
he w^ould incur the risk of being shot himself, by his own go- 
vernment. 

In obedience to the orders of Commodore Perry, he sailed 
in October, from Cape Francois, and when near Monte Christi, 
fell in with the Constitution frigate, commanded by Captain 
Silas Talbot, from whom Captain Bainbridge received new 
orders to cruise for a time in Turks Island passage, and from 
thence proceed to the Bite of Leogane, and then appear ,off 
Cape Nichola Mole. 

On the 31st of October, the Norfolk, while near the N. 
W. point of Guahani, with her guns housed, and in every 
possible way disguised, as a merchant vessel, an armed barge 
was discovered in pursuit. Captain Bainbridge hove his ves- 
sel in stays, for the purpose of continuing the deception, and 
with a pretence to escape. The barge rowing sixteen oars, 
and filled with men, having gained rapidly on the Norfolk, 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 39 

commenced a fire with musketry and swivels, and as she 
neared, hoisted French colours, the officers waved their hats, 
as a signal for heaving to. When she approached within 
half gun-shot, suspecting the character of the Norfolk, tacked 
about and made an eflfort to escape. Captain Bainbridge an- 
ticipating a movement of this kind, and fully prepared, with 
his guns, immediately rounded to, up ports, and poured a 
deadly broadside into her, which he inferred produced great 
execution, from the wild and piercing screams, which issued 
from the barge. In consequence of its growing calm, how- 
ever, she escaped to the shore, and was pursued by the boats 
and destroyed. Two of the crew, were found dead in the 
boat, and four had been extended on the grass, in the last 
agonies of death. Others, who had been less severely 
wounded, were no doubt carried oflf by their comrades, as 
they could be traced, by many tracks of blood. 

On the 8th of November, off Cape Nicola Mole, the Nor- 
folk captured the French lugger Republican, mounting 
eight swivels, with her prize, a sloop loaded with coffee, both 
of which he carried to Monte Christi, where he met the fri- 
gate Constitution. The lugger was destroyed,, by order of 
Captain Talbot, and the sloop sent to the United States, 

When Captain Bainbridge took possession of the sloop, a 
spectacle was presented of the most heart-rending charac- 
ter. He found the deck strewed with mangled dead bodies 
of men, five women and six children, weeping with the wild- 
est distraction over their murdered husbands, fathers, and 
brothers. The circumstances attending this horrible event, 
were explained as follows. The sloop sailed from Jeremie, 
a port in Hispaniola, bound to St. Jago de Cuba. She had 
scarcely cleared the port, when she was pursued by a bri- 
gand barge, filled with armed men from the same port, who 
boarded, killed all the crew, and male passengers, plundered 
the vessel of a considerable amount of specie, rifled the pock- 
ets of the dead, and commenced insulting the females and. 



40 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

children, when the French higger hove in sight. The bri- 
gands now precipitately fled from the theatre of their mur- 
derous brutality, leaving the dead bodies on deck — the sails 
flapping in the breeze, and the women and children in a state 
of alarm and despondency, which can be scarcely imagined. 
In this state she w^as taken possession of, by the Republican, 
and a few hours afterwards recaptured by the JVorfolk. 
Captain Bainbridge, who sent the prize to the United States, 
received the vvoQien and children on board the Norfolk, and 
used his utmost endeavours to assuage their affliction by kind 
attentions, and affording them all the comforts in his power. 
After arriving in Havanna, the officers of the Norfolk, and 
some Americans on shore, gave them a suflicient sum to ena- 
ble them to reach St. Jago de Cuba, their place of destina- 
tion. The helpless and desponding widows and orphans, now 
separated from their generous protectors, with expressions of 
the warmest, and doubtless the sincerest gratitude. 

On the 14lh, Captain Bainbridge received orders from the 
navy department, to cruise off Cuba station, and a squadron 
of three sloops of war, consisting of the Norfolk, the Warren, 
and the Pinckney, each carrying 18 guns, were placed 
under his command. A short time afterwards, he chased 
a French privateer on shore, where she was lost. 

Learning that a French privateer was fitting out in the 
harbour of Havanna, to cruise against the commerce of the 
United States, Captain Bainbridge determined to prevent 
her escape, by maintaining a rigid blockade of the har- 
bour. The governor of tiie island remonstrated v.'ith the 
American consul, against the conduct of Captain Bainbridge, 
alleging that he had no legal right to cruise so near the shores 
of the island. Being informed by the consul of this interfe- 
rence of the Spanish authority, he immediately addressed the 
following letter, in reply to the governor's remonstrance. 

"Whatever mav have been the ancient custom, with re- 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 41 

gard to the limits of neutral ri2;bts durinfj a period of hos- 
tilities, it is now agreed, tiiat distance shall not extend be- 
yond a gun-shot, from the shore. The many captures 
which the Americans have suffered, within the old-estab- 
lished limits on neutral coasts, without the proper autho- 
rities either offering protection, or of even remonstrating 
against what might be supposed a violation of their neu- 
tral rights, that I feel myself warranted in availing my- 
self of the modern custom which has proved so destructive 
to our owm commerce. It is the dispo.sition of my govern- 
ment, as it certainly is my own, to pay every friendly atten- 
tion to the Spanish flag; nor do I mean in any instance to 
incur the censure of my own government, to which alone I 
am responsible for my conduct. The governor of Havan- 
na may be assured, however, that Fretich privateers, fitted 
out in Spanish ports, will be pursued with not less vigilance 
than if fitted out in Guadaloupe, and nothing shall protect 
them from capture, but the guns of the fortresses, which de- 
fend the harbour in whicli they are anchored." 

Finding it impossible to escape, the commander of the pri- 
vateer dismantled his vessel, and discharged his crew. Bain- 
bridge not only effectually blockaded this vessel, but with 
the sloop of war under his command, he afforded the most 
ample protection to the valuable meixhant vessels, passing 
to and from this porto 

Previously to Captain Bainbridge's assuming the command 
of this station, the French cruisers had depredated on the com- 
merce of the United States, to a vast and ruinous extent. 
So untiring was his exertion, that for six months, during the 
most inclement and boisterous season of the year, the squad- 
ron under his command was continually cruising, with the 
exception of ten days, when he was obliged to go into port 
for provisions. In such high estimation were his services 
held by the American merchants in Havanna, that w'hen he 
6 



42 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

was about to depart for the United States, they presented 
him with the following letter : — 

March 10, 1800. 

" Having witnessed the ample protection, which you have 
extended to the American commerce, trading to this island, 
it would be doing injustice to our feelings, were we to sup- 
press our acknowledgments of the vigilance, perseverance, 
and urbanity, which have marked your conduct, during your 
arduous command on this station. 

" It must afford peculiar pleasure to the citizens of the 
United States, to know that a trade which was so recently 
exposed to frequent depredations, now passes in almost cer- 
tain security; and we doubt not that they, with us, will do 
you the justice to acknowledge the essential services which 
you have rendered to your country." 

He sailed from Havanna in March, 1800, and arrived at 
the port of Philadelphia early in April : so favourably was his 
conduct viewed by the President, that he was immediately 
promoted to the rank of captain, his commission bearing date 
2d May, 1800. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 



43 



CHAPTER 11. 



Captain Bainbridge ordered to the Command of the Frigate George 
Washington — Carries tribute to Algiers — Carries Algerine Ambassa- 
dor to Constantinople — Letter to the Secretary of the Navy — Praying 



of the Maiiommedans — Arrival 
never heard of the United >? 
Ambassador refuses an Au 
Protection of the British A 
— Invitation to the A ' 
Algerine Flag while 
giers — Perilous Statf 
bridge's Explanation 
Commander — Lettei 
Treaty — Complimen 
ward Daniel Clarke, t 
Bosphorus — Gardens of . 
George Washington- — A IN 
duction from Mr. Clarke — A. 



ole — Boarding Officer 

\ Palace — Algerine 

'\ — Receives the 

\a— Mr. Zacbe 

to hoist the 

._o to return to Al- 

r at the Dardanelles — Bain- 

uife is saved — Gratitude of the 

•retary of the Navy on the subject of a 

yapudan Pacha — His Passports — Ed- 

\ Traveller — Visit to the Thracian 

'•-Air. Clarke's Notice of the Frigate 

pf an Entertainment — Letter of Intro- 

(il off Algiers — Savage Demeanour of 



the Dey — Release of Venetian, Sicilian, and Maltese Prisoners — Con- 
veys French Consul and Family to Alicant — Receives the Thanks of 
the First Consul of France — Returns to the United States. 

In the month of May, 1800, Captain Bainbridge was or- 
dered to take command of the frigate George Washingtott, 
for the purpose of carrying the Tribute, which the United 
States, by existing treaties, were bound to send, annually, 
to the regency of Algiers. 



44 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

After the George Washington had arrived at Algiers, in Sep- 
tember, and placed the Tribute into the hancls of the United 
t-\ates consul, an extraordinary request was made of Captain 
' linbridge, by the Dey, that he would carry his ambassador 
iind presents, to Constantinople, in order to conciliate the 
Grand Seignior, whom he had offended, by concluding a 
treaty of peace with France, at a time when Turkey and 
her British ally were carrying on a war in Egypt against 
the French army, under Bonaparte. He considered it ne- 
cessary to make every "exertion to appease the anger of the 
Ottoman Porte, and thus avert the chastisement which he 
so much dreaded. Captain Bainbridge obtained an inter- 
view wdth the Dey, and expressed his regret, that he could 
not comply with his request without violating his orders. 
The Dey intimated to him that he must recollect, the frigate 
was sufficiently ir compel an obedience to his 

demands. Bai'^ 1 by Richard O'Brien, the 

American co^ t a former period, a pri- 

soner at Ali diligent man, and w^ell 

acqualiit^a xvni. cy, made a spirited 

remonstrance against ti\ edurc, w-hich was 

so revolting to his feelings,-.: i ted every princi- 

ple of national law% which, how'f no effect, as the 

determined purpose of the rel arbarian remained 

unaltered. Anchored under t ries, escape was im- 

possible, and as vengeance wa; itened, in case his re- 

quisition was further opposed, a, . s a valuable unprotected 
trade was in danger, it was thought prudent to yield to his 
arbitrary demands. Captain Bainbridge has stated, in the 
subjoined extract of a letter, the reasons which influenced 
him to pursue this course. 

" The Dey of Algiers, soon after my arrival, made a de- 
mand, that the United States ship, George Washington, 
should carry an ambassador to Constantinople, with presents 
to' the amount of five or six hundred thousand dollars, and 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 45 

upwards of two hundred Turkish passengers. Every effort 
was made by mo to evade this demand, but it availed no- 
thing. The Hght in which the chief of this regency looks 
upon the people of the United States, may be inferred from 
his style of expression. He remarked to me, ' You pay me 
tribute, by which you become my slaves, I have, therefore, 
a right to order you as I may think proper.' 

" The unpleasant situation in which I am placed, must 
convince you that I have no alternative left but compliance, 
or a renewal of hostilities against our commerce. The loss 
of the frigate, and the fear of slavery for myself and crew, 
were the least circumstances to be apprehended; but I 
knew our valuable commerce in these seas would fall a 
sacrifice to the corsairs of this power, as we have here no 
cruisers to protect it. Enclosed is the correspondence be- 
tween Richard O'Brien, Esq., consul general, and myself, 
on the subject of the embassy; by which you will see, that 
I had no choice in acting, but was governed by the tyrant 
within whose power I had fallen. 

" 1 hope I may never again be sent to Algiers with tribute, 
unless I am authorized to deliver it from the mouth of our 
cannon. I trust that my conduct will be approved of l,«y 
the President; for, with every desire to act right, it has 
caused me many unpleasant moments." 

On the eve of sailing, a difference arose, on the subjoci 
of the flag. The Dey insisted, that the colours of Algic:.^ 
should fly at the main, that of the United States should be 
carried at the fore. This honour, he stated, had been al- 
ways yielded to him, by the English, French, and Spanish 
commanders, who had been employed by him in similar ser- 
vices.* Bainbridge remonstrated in vain, but, at length, 

* Tn a letter dated Algiers, 8th of March, 1817, addressed to a naval officer 
in tlie Unttd States, it is stated, that a British frig-ate was placed at ihc <lis- 
posaPof Omar, Dey of Algiers, to carry a minister and pi-esents to Constan- 



46 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

yielded to a demand, which he was inducjed to comply with, 
for the same reasons wliich prompted a compliance with 
the other arbitrary exactions. Having made no pledges 
on the subject of the flags, he felt himself at liberty to give 
precedence to " the star spangled banner," as soon as he 
was without the reach of the guns of the harbour. 

The George Jl'u^hifigton sailed from Algiers on the 19th 
i" October, 1800 The winds and weather were unfavour- 
able, and the crowded condition of the ship, with the diffi- 
culty of Tiinaaging the Algerines without using severity, a 
resort to which would not have been proper, rendered the 
passage as unpleasant as could be well imagined. The in- 
terruptions to the duties of the ship by the frequent devotions 
of the Mussulmans, proved another source of annoyance. Be- 
sides other religious ceremonies, they prayed five times a 
day, and always with their faces directed towards the Kaaba 
of Mecca. As the ship frequently tacked while engaged in 
prayer, they were as often obliged to change their position, 
and such was their scrupulosity on this point, that one of 
the number was designated to consult the compass in the 
binnacle to obtain the precise direction. Such manoeuvres 
never failed to excite the merriment, and elicit the gibes of 
the sailors. 

The frigate arrived at Constantinople, after a passage of 
fifty-nine days, and anchored in the lower part of the har- 
bour, on the ninth of November. Immediately afterwards, 
an officer was sent from the castle to inquire of Captain Bain- 
bridge, under what flag he sailed, to which he replied, the 
flag of the United States. The messenger from the castle 
returned, and observed, that such a nation, as the " U?iited 



tjnople, with a view of conciliating the Ottoman Government, which his 
predecessor had offended. It appears, then, that the Dey was correct, in 
stating that services, similar to those rendered by the George Washington, 
?iau been performed by the vessels of other nations. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 47 

Stoles" had been never heard of before by the Turkish Go- 
vernment, and desired that Captain Bainbridge would expli- 
citly state, whence he came. He then reported his vessel 
as belonging to the "new world" which Columbus had dis- 
covered ; on hearing which, the messenger repaired immedi- 
ately to the shore. In a few hours he returned, and for the 
first time, came on board the frigate, bringing with him a 
lamb, and a bunch of flowers : the former, as an emblem of 
peace, and the latter of welcome. 

The Sultan manifested a friendly disposition, and desired 
the captain of the port, to conduct the frigate into the inner 
harbour. On passing the Sultan's palace, a salute of twenty- 
one guns was fired, which was received with much satisfac- 
tion. The Grand Seignior particularly noticed the stars in 
the United States flag, and remarked that as his own was 
decorated with one of the heavenly bodies, he considered 
this coincidence as an omen of the future friendly intercourse 
between the two nations. From the similarity of the na- 
tional emblems, the Sultan thought that there must be some 
affinity between the laws, religion, and manners of the mus- 
selmans and Americans. 

The Algerine ambassador reported himself to the Sultan, 
but was denied an audience until the return of the Capudan 
Pacha, who was then on a cruise. 

Eight days after the arrival of the George Washington, a 
Dragoman came on board, and asked Captain Bainbridge, if 
he did not know there was such an officer as the Reis Ef- 
fendi. You have reached this port, he added, without either 
the knowledge or consent of the Turkish government, and 
have neglected to report yourself to the proper officer, there- 
by offTering an indignity which requires reparation. The 
Reis Effendi directs that you appear before him to-morrow 
morning, at ten o'clock; to which Captain Bainbridge replied, 
that as he commanded the ship, which carried an ambassa- 
dor and presents to the Sultan, he felt under no obligations 



48 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

to hold intercourse, further than an interchange of civilities, 
with the officers of the Ottoman government. The Drago- 
man observed, with a significant nod, you had better not dis- 
obey the commands which I have delivered. Captain Bain- 
bridge stated to him, that he disregarded both the threats 
and commands of the Reis Effendi; but thought it prudent, 
at the same time, to considt, and if necessary to solicit the 
protection of some of the resident ministers, in amity with 
the United States. This was the only course left him to pur- 
sue, as the United States were not then represented at that 
government. 

Captain Bainbridge accordingly waited on Lord Elgin, the 
British ambassador, and informed him of the message he had 
received from the Reis EtFendi, and expressed a hope, that 
the amicable relations then subsisting between their respec- 
tive governments, would justify his calling upon him for such 
aid as he might find necessary in case of difficulty with this 
officer. Lord Elgin promptly offered his friendly services, 
stating, that as the object of the Reis Effendi was to obtain 
a bribe, he would send him a message by his Dragoman, 
which would prevent all further annoyance. 

Some few days after these occurrences, the Capudan Pa- 
cha, whose office is equivalent to Lord High Admiral, ar- 
rived from Egypt, with fifteen sail of the line and a number 
of frigates. As the fleet entered the harbour, the George 
Washington fired a salute. At that moment the admiral's 
ship was taken aback, by a squall from the Thracian Bos- 
phorus, and was saved only from being cast on shore, by the 
skill and dexterity of her officers. Captain Bainbridge having 
witnessed the incident, was satisfied that it alone was the 
cause of his salute not being returned. The next morning 
Mr. Zacbe, the admiral's private-secretary, waited upon Cap- 
tain Bainbridge, to apologize for his salute not being noticed, 
and to assure him that it would be returned next day. This 
explanation was of course perfectly satisfactory, and the sa- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 4© 

lute was returned, after which Captain Bainbridge was in- 
vited to visit the admiral at his palace. He was received 
with great cordiality, and the admiral immediately remarked, 
that the Dragoman of Lord Elgin, who was then present, 
had informed him, that if any inquiries were made concern- 
ing the American frigate, he would answer them, as the ship 
was then under his protection. But the admiral observed, 
"As the Ottoman government have siifhcient liberalitv to pro- 
tect strangers, I beg you will place yourself under mij pro- 
tection, and accept of me, as your representative to the Sul- 
tan." Aware of his great influence, Captain Bainbridge did 
not hesitate to accept an oifer so obligingly made. The Sul- 
tan and Capudan Pacha were brothers-in-law, born and edu- 
cated together in the Harem, and always entertained for 
each other the strongest friendship. To this circumstance 
was added a singular regulation of the government, which 
prevents all olHcers from having private interviews with the 
Sultan, except there is a near relationship subsisting between 
them. The affinity alluded to, gave to the admiral a com- 
manding influence. The Grand Vizier, or Reis Eifendi, is 
next in rank to the Sultan ; but as there was no connexion 
existing between them by blood or marriage, they were, in 
some degree, strangers. 

Captain Bainbridge was not a little indebted to the friend- 
ly oftices of Mr. Zacbe, the private secretary of the admi- 
ral, for the marked attentions which he received. This gen- 
tleman spoke the English and French languages fluently, 
was courteous in his demeanour, and very intelligent. He 
frequently gave evidence of his intimate acquaintance with 
the history of our country, expressed his admiration of the 
structure of our institutions, and made frequent inquiries 
about our illustrious Franklin, with whom he formed an 
acquaintance in Paris, during our struggle for Indepen- 
dence. 

A friendship was thus commenced between the secretary 
7 



r)0 LirE AND SERVICES OF 

and Captain Bainbridge, which, for many years, was main- 
tained by a written correspondence. 

The Algerine envoy was not accredited, nor were his let- 
ters or presents received in consequence of the depreciations 
committed on the commerce of Austria and other nations, in 
amity with the Porte. Besides, as before stated, the Dey had 
made peace with France, contrary to the Grand Seignior's 
injunctions. As a further evidence of his displeasure, the 
Capudan Patha requested Captain Bainbridge not to hoist 
the Algerine flag, while he remained within the Ottoman do- 
minions. 

The ambassador at length received a letter from the Grand 
Seignior, directed to the Dey of Algiers, requiring not only 
an immediate declaration of war against France, but that 
he should send him a million of piasters for his daring pre- 
sumption. Sixty days only was allow^ed to transmit this 
despatch to Algiers, and receive an answer at Constantino- 
ple, on the failure of which, war would be the immediate 
consequence. 

The ambassador now requested, that the George Wash- 
ington might be immediately prepared to return. 

During the whole of the period Captain Bainbridge re- 
mained at Constantinople, he received the most obliging at- 
tentions from the Capudan Pacha. The circumstance of his 
taking the frigate under his protection, was considered one 
of the most distinguished honours which can be conferred on 
the commander of a foreign vessel of war. The admiral vi- 
sited the George Washington several times, and never failed 
to remark on the correct deportment of the officers — the dis- 
cipline and subordination of the crew — the structure of the 
ship — her cleanliness, and fine appearance. 

On one of these friendly interviews, the Capudan Pacha 
incidentally observed to Captain Bainbridge, that he was not 
a little surprised to learn, on his return to port, that the Ame- 
rican frigate had not been subjected to the usual restraints 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 51 

at the Dardanelles. It was the first time a foreign armed 
vessel had reached Constantinople, without having first ob- 
tained a " firman " from the Grand Seignior. No blame, how- 
ever, was attached to Captain Bainbridge in consequence, he 
being a stranger to the laws and customs of the country; but 
the governor of the castle at the Dardanelles had been con- 
fined, and his execution was only suspended until the sen- 
tence received his, [the Pacha's] signature, which would not 
be withheld. 

Captain Bainbridge expressed great unhappiness that he 
should be, in any degree, the cause of taking away the life 
of an innocent fellow being, and assured the admiral, that 
the governor was in no respect even censurable. The ad- 
miral smiled and shrugged his shoulders, as if incredulous, 
but requested him to explain how a frigate could pass the 
Dardanelles without gross neglect on the part of the com- 
manding officer. Captain Bainbridge said, he understood 
that it would be necessary for him to remain at the straits 
until permission was received from the Sultan to enable him 
to proceed to Constantinople. Apprehensive that it might 
not be given, and unwilling to be turned back after so long 
a voyage, stratagem was made use of to effect his object. 
When nearly opposite the castle he made a show of taking 
in sail, and at the same time commenced firing a salute, 
which being immediately returned by the batteries on either 
side of the strait, so enveloped the ship in smoke, that she could 
not be discerned from shore. At this juncture all sail was 
immediately made, which enabled the vessel to double the 
point above, and get out of the reach of the guns before the 
dense clouds of smoke cleared away. Captain Bainbridge 
added, that he could not -claim the privilege of ignorantly of- 
fending against the laws of the empire; but rather than a 
brave and blameless officer should suffer death for his of- 
fence, he felt bound to state the circumstances as they oc- 
curred, and thus take upon himself the consequences, hov.- 



52 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

ever severely they might fall on him. The Admiral re- 
marked that the statement was so reasonable, and the inci- 
dent so satisfactorily explained, that the governor, who was 
a brave, and he now believed to be a faithful officer, should 
be pardoned, and then seizing Bainbridge by the hand, re- 
marked, with great warmth of feeling, that he should not 
suffer in consequence of his frank and manly disclosure. 

On the return of the George Washington down the straits, 
the fortress at the Dardanelles was again saluted, which be- 
ing returned, the pardoned governor, who had resumed his 
command, sent an officer to invite Captain Bainbridge to his 
house, and expressed, in the most feeling manner, the grati- 
tude due to a gallant stranger for saving his life, at a mo- 
ment, too, when even hope was abandoned. He added, that 
the Capudan Pacha had transmitted to him a detailed ac- 
count of his generous development, so that he was fully 
aware of the extent of his obligation. 

A profusion of fresh provisions and fruits were sent on 
board the frigate, and no act of courtesy which could be ac- 
ceptable to the officers was omitted. Renewed assurances 
of endless gratitude were frequently repeated to Captain 
Bainbridge, for an obligation which the governor considered 
could not be repaid. 

Previously to Captain Bainbridge's leaving Constantinople, 
he had a ^ree conversation with the Capudan Pacha, on the 
subject of a treaty of amity and commerce with the Otto- 
man Government, the amount of which is reported in the 
subjoined letter to the secretary of the navy. 

" Sir, 

" On the 23rd of December, 1801, I was requested by the 
Capudan Pacha to wait upon him at his palace. I was re- 
ceived in a very friendly manner, and had some conversa- 
tion respecting the formation of a treaty with the Ottoman 
Porte ; and he expressed a very great desire that a minis- 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 53 

ter should be sent from the United States to effect it. I in- 
formed him, that there was one already named, who, at 
present, was in Lisbon, and probably would be here in six 
months. He said, he would write to the ambassador, which 
letter would be a protection for him while in the Turkish 
empire, and gave me liberty to recojumend any merchant 
vessel to his protection, which might wish to come here pre- 
viously to the arrival of the ambassador. I thanked him in 
the name of the United States, for the protection he had 
been pleased to give the frigate under my command, and 
for his friendly attentions to myself and officers. I conceive 
it to be a very fortunate moment to negotiate an advan- 
tageous treaty with this government. 

^ ■* 7^ ^ * ^ 

" The Capudan Pacha requested me to take two messen- 
gers and land them at Malta, being destined for Tripoli 
and Tunis, which I have consented to do, conceiving it to 
be good policy. I think it very probable, that the states 
of Barbary will shortly receive chastisement from the 
Turks." 

Captain Bainbridge called, by request, on the admiral 
the next day, and received the promised letter to the Ho- 
nourable William Smith, minister plenipotentiary of the 
United States at the court of Lisbon, with a request that it 
might be forwarded to him as soon as practicable. The 
admiral observed to him, " As your Ship has been under my 
protection, she shall receive the honours which are exclu- 
sively reserved for my flag. In passing the fortress of Ta- 
pana, it will salute you, which, of course, you will return." 
By a regulation, this fortress salutes the Capudan Pacha 
alone. This compliment was never before extended to 
a foreign vessel of war, nor even to Turkish vessels, com- 
manded by a less personage than the admiral. He also 
gave passports for the frigate, which entitled the flag, ^s 



54 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

well as commander, to the greatest respect in Turkish ports, 
and from the ships of that empire. 

While Captain Bainbridge was at Constantinople, he be- 
came intimately acquainted with the justly celebrated Eng- 
lish traveller, Edward Daniel Clarke, who had recently ar- 
rived there, by travelling over land from Petersburgh, by 
the way of Moscow and Odessa. 

Captain Bainbridge made several excursions with Mr. 
Clarke into the country in the vicinity of Constantinople, on 
the opposite Asiatic shore, and up the Thracian Bosphorus, 
as far as the Black Sea. A German count, a superinten- 
dent of the Sultan's gardens, who mixed with the society of. 
Pera, offered to give them an opportunity of visiting by 
stealth, the gardens of the Seraglio, and the Harem. He 
invited them also to his apartments, which were close to the 
gates of the Sultan's gardens. 

The writer regrets that Captain Bainbridge's own account 
of this interesting visit, has not been obtained; but, he often 
said, that his friend Clarke's was sufficiently correct, ex- 
cept that he had rather magnified the dangers they had 
escaped. Without imputing to Mr. Clarke, any disposition 
to exaggerate, the contrariety of opinion on this point may 
arise from the different estimation which these eminent men 
may have had of danger. One gentleman may honestly 
apprehend great peril, where it cannot be perceived by 
another. 

Mr. Clarke, in his travels, notices the visit of the frigate 
George Washington, to the capital of the Ottoman empire, 
in such honourable terms, that I feel warranted in tran- 
scribing them. 

" On the arrival of an American frigate for the first time at 
Constantinople, considerable sensation was excited, not only 
among the Turks, but also throughout the whole diplomatic 
corps stationed at Pera. The ship, commanded by Captain 
Bainbridge, came from Algiers with a letter from the Day 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGK. 



to the Sultan and Capudan Pacha. The presents consisted 
of tigers, and other animals, sent with a view to conciliate 
the Turkish government, whom the Dey had offended. 
The messenger from the Dey was ordered on board the 
Capudan Pacha's ship, who, receiving the letter from his so- 
vereign with great rage, first spat, and then stamped upon 
it, telling him to go back to his master, and'inform him that 
he would be treated after the same manner, whenever the 
Turkish admiral met him. Captain Bainbridge was, how- 
ever, received with every mark of attention." 

" The order of the ship, and the healthy state of the crew- 
became topics of general conversation in Pera; and the dif- 
ferent ministers strove who should first receive him in their 
palaci^s. We accompanied him in his long boat to the 
Black Sea, as he was desirous of hoisting there, for the first 
time, the American flag; and upon his return, were amused 
by a very singular entertainment at his table during din- 
ner. Upon the four corners were so many decanters, con- 
taining fresh water from the four quarters of the globe. 
The natives of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, set down 
together at the same table, were regaled with flesh, fruits, 
bread and other viands, while of every article, a sample 
from each quarter of the globe Avas presented at the same 
time. The means of accomplishing this was easily ex- 
plained, by his having touched at Algiers, in his passage 
from America, and being at anchor so near the shores both 
of Europe and Asia." 

Before Captain Bainbridge sailed from Constantinople, Mr. 
Clarke presented him with the subjoined friendly letter of in- 
troduction to his brother, a Captain in the British navy. 
Any relic from so distinguished an individual is worth pre- 
serving. 

Constantinople, Dec. 23, 1800. 
**Dear George, 

The bearer of this, Captain William Bainbridge, has 



5G LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

been my particular friend, and companion, during my resi- 
dence here. 

" The object of my writing is to introduce you to each 
other ; and I hope you will meet with all that cordiahty and 
friendship which would distinguish a Rencontre between Cap- 
tain Bainbridge and me, if 1 should again have the pleasure 

of his society. 

" Your affectionate brother, 

" E. D. Clarke." 
The George V/ashington sailed from Constantinople on the 
thirtieth of December, and arrived off" Algiers on the 21st 
of January, 1801. Determined not to place himself again 
in the power of the Dey,he anchored the frigate beyond the 
ranp-e of the batteries of the harbour. The Dey expressed 
much solicitude that she should anchor near to the city, al- 
legino" that the distance rendered it inconvenient for the offi- 
cers to have communication with the shore. This affected 
intere >t for the comfort of the American officers was ex- 
plained in a few days. 

Apprehensive that Captain Bainbridge would refuse to re- 
turn to Constantinople, he was anxious to enveigle him un- 
der the guns of his fortresses, that he might again use com- 
pulsion. Failing in this scheme, he made a request, through 
the consul general, that the ship should carry his messenger 
back to Constantinople, to which Captain Bainbridge replied, 
in a letter to the consul general, " that the Dey had forgot- 
ten the oath he swore, not to make any further demands, 
after the first voyage was performed. After such a disre- 
gard of his solemn declaration, he could not doubt his dispo- 
sition to capture the frigate, and enslave the officers and 
crew, if she were again within his power. His first demand 
had been complied with to preserve peace; every thing had 
been done which the commander of a ship would be justi- 
fied in doing to prevent hostilities, and if the Dey was de- 
termined to have war; if he were so mad as to make Ame- 



COMMODORE BAINBRTDGE. 57 

ricans his enemies, he would soon regret such rash, impoli- 
tic, and unprincipled procedure. Captain Bainbridge had 
written to the secretary of the navy while at Constantino- 
ple, that he anticipated a demand of this character would 
be made; but gave an assurance of his determination to re- 
sist it, believing that the government of the United States 
would not sanction an act so liumiliating. 

Previously to sailing from Algiers, Captain Bainbridge bor- 
rowed for ballast a number of old cannon, which he was anx- 
ious to return. Not wishing to place in jeopardy his own 
boats, he requested the consul general to send him some bal- 
last in lighters from the shore, and he vi'ould send the guns 
back by the same conveyance. — This precaution so exaspe- 
rated the Dey, that he not only forbid the consul making 
use of the lighlers, but declared that in the event of the guns 
not being returned, he would immediately declare war 
against the government of the United States. The consul 
communicated this information to Captain Bainbridge, and 
advised him to run the ship into the mole, and deliver the 
cannon as the only means of preventing a war. Captain 
Bainbridge positively refused to place himself in the power 
of the Dey, unless he first received a positive promise that 
he should not be further importuned on the subject of the 
second voyage; a pledge w^hich the Dey reluctantly gave. 

After having thus complied with the Dey's wishes, he was 
invited to wait upon him in his divan chamber, where he 
was received with a scowling and vindictive expression of 
countenance, which soon burst forth into a rage so ungo- 
vernable, as to threaten personal violence. Surrounded as the 
despot was, by fifty of his obedient janizaries, who are armed 
and always ready to do the bidding of their master, it oc- 
curred to him that unless the Capudan Pacha's "firma?t^' 
would save him, his minutes were numbered. 

This paper was accordingly presented, which acted like a 
talisman, by transforming in an instant the countenance of 
S 



58 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

a ferocious blood-thirsting tyrant, into a mild, humble, and 
even crouching dependant. The change of expression w^as 
so ludicrously rapid, that even the janizaries noticed it by 
glances of surprise. The Dey being sensible that his hum- 
bled condition was noticed by his guards, dismissed them, and 
during the remainder of the interview retained near him his 
Dragoman alone. Now his bearing was less lofty, his words 
honeyed, and offers of service most liberal. 

The following morning the flag staff of the French consul 
was cut down, and war declared against his government. 
An instalment of the pacification money, amounting to one 
million five hundred thousand piasters, was prepared to be 
sent to the Grand Seignior, with a most humble apology 
from the mortified and afflicted Dey. He was obliged, be- 
sides, to liberate about four hundred Venetians, Maltese, and 
Sicilians, who had been taken when under the protection of 
British passports. Although Captain Bainbridge had no other 
agency in procuring their release, except that of being the 
bearer of the order from the Sultan, yet such was the extent 
of the gratitude of the unhappy victims, that they kissed his 
garments whenever he was met by them, and hailed him as 
their generous deliverer. 

Unwilling to be without some one, on whom he might ex- 
ercise his cruelty, which seemed to be his predominant pas- 
sion, the Dey issued orders to have the French consul, and 
all the citizens of that republic, amounting to fifty-six in 
number, consisting of men, women, and children, put in irons 
and treated as slaves. Captain Bainbridge, recollecting the 
influence of the Capudan Pacha's protection, and the libe- 
ral offers of service made by the Dey at their last interview, 
determined to make an effort to ameliorate the condition of 
the unfortunate French. Accordingly, the consul gene- 
ral of the United States and himself waited upon the Dey, 
and endeavoured to convince him of the impolicy of the 
measure which he was about to pursue, and to impress upon 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 59 

him their conviction, that an act so inhuman and faithless, 
would draw upon himself the further displeasure of the 
Grand Seignior. After a protracted interview, they suc- 
ceeded in persuading him to change his order to that of ex- 
pulsion from his dominions; but only upon condition, that 
they would leave Algiers within forty-eight hours; which, if 
they failed to do, he should hold them as slaves, until he re- 
ceived fifty-six thousand dollars as a ransom. 

M. Dubois de Trainville, the French consul, full of gra- 
titude, cast himself further upon the humanity of Captain 
Bainbridge ; and begged him to take himself and the other 
French citizens on board his ship, and convey them to Ali- 
cant, assuring him, that there was not a vessel in harbour 
which he could charter on any conditions. Though the 
United States were, at this time, engaged in war with the 
French republic ; yet, those principles of humanity, which 
should always animate the generous and the brave, and 
which national hostilities ought not, nor cannot silence, in- 
fluenced him to accede to the consul's wishes. The officers 
of the ship, participating in these noble feelings, made ex- 
traordinary efforts to get her in readiness to sail within the 
stipulated time; believing, that the Dey was anxious for a 
pretext again to seize his victims, for the dishonest purpose 
of obtaining a ransom. Their exertions were crowned with 
success — the passengers taken on board, and, in order to 
render them as comfortable as possible. Captain Bainbridge 
gave them the exclusive use of his cabin, and slept himself 
on the main deck. Such was the hurry and confusion of 
the departure of the French from Algiers, that they either 
neglected, or were unable to procure provision for their sub- 
sistence; but they had placed themselves under the protec- 
tion of an officer who, though not abounding in means, had 
the disposition to supply them, at his own expense, with 
every thing necessary to their comfort. After a pleasant 
and short passage they were safely landed at Alicant. 



60 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

To the generous American officer who had delivered them 
from the horrors of Algerine slavery, their expressions of 
gratitude were unbounded, and most affecting. 

The French consul represented these noble transactions 
to the French government, and received orders from Napo- 
leon, at that time First Consul, to " tender his acknow- 
ledgments and thanks to Captain Bainbridge, for the im- 
portant services he had rendered the republic, with assu- 
rances that such kind offices would be always remembered, 
and reciprocated with pleasure whenever an occasion of- 
fered." 

From Alicant, Captain Bainbridge returned to the United 
States; after which, he proceeded to the seat of govern- 
ment, and reported himself in person to the President, de- 
tailed to him all the difficulties against which he had to 
contend, and was gratified to learn from him, that his con- 
duct received his approbation, and even commended him 
for the "judicious and skilful manner in which he had dis- 
charged his duties, while under the pressure of such embar- 
iv;i3sing circumstances." 

The humiliating condition in which Captain Bainbridge 
was placed, arose out of the feeble policy of our govern- 
ment, in stipulating to purchase an immunity from insult to 
our citizens, and spoliations on our commerce, by paying an 
annual tribute to Barbarians, whom it could have readily 
controlled by force. There is no other way of giving com- 
plete protection to our citizens, and to our property afloat, 
than by the cannon's mouth. Dear-bought experience has 
proved the utter fallacy of Mr. Jefferson's scheme of pre- 
serving peace, by pursuing a pacific and upright policy to- 
wards all nations. The point is now settled, however, that 
nothing less than an exhibition of force, and a willingness to 
exercise it, can maintain, unimpaired, our national rights 
and dignity. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 61 

This cruise did not prove disadvantageous either to Bain- 
hridge or to his country. Such was his discretion, and the 
manly bearing of his deportment, that he not only con- 
cihated personal friendships, but made a most favourable 
impression with regard to his government. 



LIFE AND SERVICES OP COMMODORE BAINBRIDOE. 63 



CHAPTER III. 



Commodore Bainbridge appointed to the Frigate Essex — Ordered to 
Cruise against the Barbary Corsairs — Convoying American Merchant- 
men — Arrives at Barcelona — Difficulty with the Spanish Naval Offi- 
cers — Lieutenant S. Decatur threatens to cut off the Spanish Officer's 
Ears — Consul Willis — American Minister — Mr. Humphrys at Ma- 
drid — Mr. Willis' opinion of our Naval Officers — Sails from Barcelona 
and arrives at Gibraltar — Touches at Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli — Re- 
turns to New York, thence to Washington — Engaged in trying Guns 
at Havre de Grace — Joins the Squadron of Commodore Preble for the 
Mediterranean, commanding Frigate Philadelphia — Capture of the 
Ship Mirboha off the Coast of Morocco — Threatens to hang her Com- 
mander — Flogs his Corporal for striking a Prisoner— Sails in Search 
of a 32 Gun Moorish Frigate — Preble demands Reparation from the 
Moorish Government — Treaty of Peace — Thanks from the Secretary 
of the Navy through Commodore Preble. 

Ox the twentieth of May, 1801, the secretary of the navy 
directed a squadron to be prepared for sea, consisting of the 
frigates President, Commodore Richard Dale; Philadelphia, 
Captain Barron, Essex, Captain Bainbridge; and schooner 
Enterprise, Lieutenant Commandant Sterrett. An order was 
received by Captain Bainbridge from the secretary of the 
navy, in the following terms : " Appreciating highly your 
character as an officer, the President has selected you to 



64 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

command the frigate Essex, and has placed the whole squad- 
ron under the command of Commodore Richard Dale, to 
whose orders he enjoins you to pay strict attention, and due 
obedience," 

The frigate Essex was then at New York, whither Captain 
Bainbridge immediately repaired for the purpose of superin- 
tending her equipment. As soon as they were completed, 
and he had made the necessary preparations for a cruise, 
he sailed in company with the ships already designated for 
the Mediterranean, to protect the American commerce, at 
that time greatly interrupted by the cruisers of the Bashaw 
of Tripoli. Hostilities were also anticipated from the other 
Barbary states, from the circumstance of our consuls being 
treated with insolence, and continually annoyed with impor- 
tunities for an increase of tribute. 

The squadron arrived at Gibraltar on the first of July, 
where it met two Tripolitan corsairs, one of them a large 
ship of 26 guns, and a brig of 16, under the command of an 
admiral. The frigate Philadelphia was directed, by Commo- 
dore Dale, to watch the movements of the Tripohtan com- 
mander, and, if possible, to prevent his leaving the harbour. 
The Essex was despatched to Marseilles, and from thence to 
Barcelona, Alicarit, and other ports down the coast, for the 
purpose of collecting and convoying the American mer- 
chantmen through the straits of Gibraltar. 

Captain Bainbridge arrived in the roads of Barcelona, 
about the first of August, and in obedience to custom wait- 
ed on the captain general, in company with Mr. Willis, 
the United States consul. He was welcomed in the style of 
courtesy so prevalent among Spanish officers. The frigate 
was much visited by the gentry of the city, who never failed 
to contrp.st, in the most flattering terms, her fine condition 
with that of Spanish vessels of war. These expressions were 
sometimes made in presence of their own naval officers. 

A. few nights afterwards, as Captain Bainbridge was re- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 65 

turning from the mole to his vessel, he was grossly insulted 
by the officers of a Spanish Zebec, which was stationed in 
the harbour as a guard boat. The circumstances are de- 
tailed in a letter from Captain Bainbridge to the captain ge- 
neral of Catalonia, and in a communication recently received 
from the venerable Mr. Willis, who is now on a visit to this 
city. 

When the Essex's barge was within a few fathoms of the Ze- 
bec, she was hailed in English by the sentinel, and ordered the 
officer, of her to come on board. The midshipman doing the 
duty of cocks wain, answered that it was the barge of the Ame- 
rican frigate, and that the captain was then in her. An offi- 
cer now stepped forward, and peremptorily ordered the officer 
of the boat on board. Assurances of the character of the 
barge were repeated — that captain Bainbridge was on board 
of her, a circumstance, which indeed they must have well 
known, as it had passed the stern of the Spanish vessel just 
before sunset, and as it was a bright moonlight evening, the 
American Captain who was in full uniform, could be readily 
recognised. In crossing the bows of the Zebec, the officers 
used vulgar and abusive language, threatening at the same 
time to fire. Captain Bainbridge remarks in a letter to the 
captain general, "I cautioned them against the consequences 
of firing into an American frigate's boat. They immediately 
fired several muskets. I still rowed on, they repeated their 
fire, when I returned alongside the Zebec, and requested to 
know, if there was an officer on board of her ; being an- 
swered in the affirmative, I again repeated to him that the 
boat belonged to the American frigate, and the commanding 
officer was on board, of which they could not be ignorant, 
as she had been lying abreast of him all the evening ; thai" 
the crew were all dressed in white, with hats of the same 
colour, which ought at once to convince them of the boat's 
true character. 

^' Notwithstanding this explanation, the deck officer was 
9 



66 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

still capable of making use of improper threats, and insisted 
on my leaving my boat to come on board the Zebec. A 
compliance with this improper and extraordinary demand 
would have been so inconsistent with the character of the 
officers of the American navy, that 1 did not feel disposed to 
submit to it, although exposed in an unarmed boat. I then 
attempted to shove off, when he again threatened, and was 
in the very act of firing a third time. Disregarding his 
threats, 1 again refused not only to go on board, but declined 
any furtlier explanation than I had already given. Finding 
me unyielding, he allowed me at length to depart. 

" Having thus stated the circumstances which attended 
the insult offered to the United States, in order that you may 
investigate the conduct of the officer or officers who were 
the occasion of it, I shall take the liberty of making some 
observations. 

" 1st. If there were any regulations to which ships of war 
are subject respecting the ceremonies to be observed, and 
the hour at which the boats should leave the mole, it was 
the duty of the commander of the port, or afloat, to have 
notified me thereof, without which how can they consistently 
expect me to comply with rules I was vmacquainted with. 
On the contrary, I am hiformed that there are no particular 
regulations for merchant boats, much less for ships of war. 

" 2nd. If the officer was justifiable in detaining a national 
boat and officers, how can he reconcile it to his government, 
to release them without further proof, than that of the first 
assurance given him before detention. It is obvious to me, 
and I presume must be so to every one, who knows the land- 
ing-place, and situation in which the Zebec is moored, that 
the officer must have known the boat, as belonging to the 
American frigate, and that it was merely out of wantonness, 
and with a pointed intention to insult, that he exercised the 
unwarrantable liberty, the particulars of which, I have al- 
ready detailed to you. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 67 

^^ I have to remind your Excellency, that in future, I 
shall expect to be governed by such rules as the ships of 
war of other nations have complied v^dth, and not with the 
ordinary regulations adapted to merchant vessels. At the 
same time, I wish to assure you, that knowing it to be the 
wish of the government of the United States, I shall do eve- 
ry thing in my power, consistent with the honour of the 
American flag, to cultivate a friendly understanding betweeia 
the officers and crew of the ship under my command, and 
fche subjects of his most Catholic Majesty. 
I have the honour to be 

with the greatest respect, 

your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
W. BAINBRIDGK'' 

■^< His Excellency, the Captain General, \ 
&c. &c., of the Province of Catalo- > 
nia and city of Barcelona." ) 

Previously to writing this letter. Captain Bainbridge 
waited, personally, on the captain general, and made a 
verbal statement of these facts. — He was received, not only 
with great courtesy, but assurances were given to him, that 
he should have prompt redress, but was requested to make 
a written statement of the circumstances. So far from re- 
ceiving the reparation which had been promised, the cap- 
tain general declined even to reply to him; but wrote to the 
American consul, Mr. Willis, in which he says nothing about 
redress, but complains of Captain Bainbridge's uncourteous 
letter. 

The following night some of the lieutenants were return- 
ing to their ship, and while passing the Zebec were hailed, 
obliged to bring their boat alongside, detained for a time 
in this situation, and insulted by the most provoking lan- 
guage. Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, afterwards the gaJ- 



08 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

lant commodore, who held a position so conspicuous h\ the 
navy, called for the officer in command, and remonstrated 
with him against such treatment, but without its producing 
the least effect. He then informed him, that he would call 
to see him on board next morning, and then ordered, at the 
top of his manly voice, the oarsmen to shove a-head. 

According to promise, for Decatur was an officer who al- 
ways kept such promises, he called next morning on board 
the Zebec, and asked for the officer who had been the pi-e- 
vious night in command. He \v3.s told that the lieutenant 
after whom he inquired had gone on shore ; " Well, then, tell 
him that Lieutenant Decatur, of the frigate Essex, pro- 
nounces him a cowardly scoundrel, and that, when they 
meet on shore, he will cut his ears off." Soon afterwards, 
Consul Willis was requested to call, as soon as practicable, 
on the captain general on business of pressing importance. 
When he arrived at the palace, he found this distinguished 
officer in such a state of excitement, as to be unable to ex- 
plain the transaction which had so disturbed him, but re- 
ferred the consul lo the cbmm6dore of the station. The 
naval commander then stated, that one of his officers on 
board the Zebec, had been challenged by an officer of the 
American frigate, and that energetic means must be employed 
to arrest it. The captain general then remarked, "The Spa- 
nish officers must be kept on board, and I request that you 
will endeavour to confine the officers of the Essex, also, to 
their ship." The consul replied, " It is impossible that the 
American officers should remain on board, as they are 
preparing for sea ; but notwithstanding the provocation used 
by the otEcers of the Zebec, I will use all my influence 
to prevent the duel." Mr= Willis waited on Commodore 
Bainbridge, who united with him in persuading Decatur not 
to further molest the Spanish officer. Decatur after some 
time yielded to the sohcitations of his friends, but expressed 
his determination to chastise him if they ever met hereafter. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. G9 

The afternoon of this day, the consul was himself insulted 
in passing this vessel, which he immediately reported to the 
captain general, who gave him positive assurances, that the 
officer should be punished, and that similar insults should not 
be repeated. The promise, in this instance, was strictly 
enforced. 

Captain Bainbridge was not content with this partial re- 
paration, but addressed the American minister, Mr. Hum- 
phreys, near the court of Madrid, on the subject; enclosing 
to him, at the same time, a copy of his letter to the captain 
genera], and begged that redress might be demanded of the 
Spanish government. 

Mr. Humphreys made a very spirited representation of 
the circumstances attending the insults ofTered by the Spa- 
nish officers, to his excellency, the minister of state, Don 
Pedro Cevallos. The Spanish minister assitred Mr. Hum- 
phreys, that the affair should be immediately investigated, 
and if found to be such as had been represented, a proper 
apology should be offered, and the offending officer punished. 
The investigating officer found that the facts were such as 
had been stated by Bainbridge, and made his report ac- 
cordingly. 

His Catholic Majesty directed, that the commanding offi- 
cer of the Zebec, St. Sebastian, should be severely censured, 
and that he should make an acceptable apology to the Ame- 
rican naval commander, and to the United States consul at 
Barcelona. 

Captain Bainbridge was now not a little gratified to find, 
that his spirited and persevering representations, supported 
as they were by Consul Willis and the American minister 
at Madrid, resulted, not only in coercing an apology which 
was entirely satisfactory, but also, an order from the Prince 
of Peace, to the commanders of the different sea-port towns, 
to " treat all officers of the United States with courtesy and 
respect, and more particularly those attached to the United 



70 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

States frigate Essex." This order was faithfully obeyed, as 
there was no instance afterwards of the ofhcers of our navy 
receiving improper or discourteous treatment while in Spa- 
nish harbours. 

Mr. Willis, in his recent communication to the writer, 
states, that " during all these repeatedly irritating circum- 
stances, Captain Bainbridge acted with great firmness, cool- 
ness and dignity, so that all the Spanish officers, with whom 
I held intercourse at the time, and afterwards, spoke of him 
in language of the greatest respect, not even excepting the 
captain general. 

" As I had always, before this event, found the officers of 
the Spanish navy friendly to me, and my countrymen, I was 
entirely unable to explain the sudden change in the de- 
meanour of the officers attached to the Spanish commodore's 
vessel, until I was informed, that it had been caused by the 
continual praise bestowed on the fine appearance of the 
Essex, the manly gentility of her officers, and on the clean 
and rugged vigour of her crew. The Spanish people, as 
they were returning from their visits to the American fri- 
gate, were obliged to pass within a few feet of the commo- 
dore's vessel, and being loud in their praises of every ob- 
ject which they had seen on board the frigate, the Spanish 
officers, who were very young men, became so irritated, 
that they determined, by insulting treatment, to force from 
the harbour the object of their jealousy. 

" I was not surprised at the praises bestowed on the Ame- 
rican frigate, officers, and crew; for although I had often 
visited men-of-war belonging to the different nations of Eu- 
• rope, I had never seen one in such complete and beautiful 
order, nor one in which the discipline seemed so perfect. 
It has long been a source of gratification to me, that the 
opinion which I then formed of Captain Bainbridge and 
most of his officers, has been fully realized. I felt well as- 
sured, that if afforded a favourable opportunity, they would 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 71 

acquire fame for themselves, and honour for their country. 
Let the achievements of Bainbridge and his first Lieutenant 
Decatur, attest the correctness of my anticipations." 

Having obtained the necessary supphes for the Essex, and 
settled the unpleasant difficulty with the Spanish officers, 
to his satisfaction, he sailed from Barcelona with a large 
fleet of merchantmen, which he had collected in different 
harbours in the Mediterranean, and safely convoyed them 
out of the straits. He afterwards touched at Gibraltar, 
where he learned that the Triopolitan corsairs were dis- 
mantled — the officers and crews sent over by night in boats, 
to the Morocco shore, to proceed by land to Tripoli ; and 
that the a,dmiral had taken passage in an English ship ta 
Malta. 

In obedience to instructions from Commodore Dale, Cap- 
tain Bainbridge appeared ofT the cities of Algiers, Tunis, and 
Tripoli; and during the winter and spring of 1802, cruised 
in different parts of the Mediterranean, and convoyed our 
merchant vessels issuing from Various ports in safety out of 
this perilous sea. 

Commodore Dale was now relieved of his command, by , ne 
arrival of Commodore Richard V, Morris, who immediate 
assumed the command of the squadron. — From represeu 
tations made by Captain Bainbridge of the unsafe conditio 
of the Essex, Commodore Morris ordered her to return lo 
the United States to receive the necessary repairs. — The 
Essex immediately sailed from Gibraltar, and arrived ii 
New York on the twenty-second of July, 1802. 

A short time after the arrival of the frigate. Captain 
Bainbridge was ordered to proceed with her to the Wash- 
ington navy yard. The seamen insisted on being paid ofT 
and discharged at that port, and became highly mutinous, 
but the prompt and fearless conduct of Captain Bainbridge 
subdued them, and restored perfect order. The frigate pro- 
ceeded at once to Washington, and after a tedious passage 



72 ' LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

up the Potomac, safely arrived at the navy yard early in 
August, where she was dismantled and transferred to the 
commander of the station. 

Captain Bainbridge was next ordered to the Cecil furnace, 
near Havre de Grace, for the purpose of proving about one 
hundred pieces of ordnance; after which he was permitted 
to visit his family in Philadelphia. 

He was now instructed to superintend the building of the 
United States brig Syren, and schooner Vixen. On the twen- 
ty-first of May, 1803, after these vessels were completfed. Cap- 
tain Bainbridge was ordered to the command of the frigate . 
Philadelphia, of 44 guns, which, with the frigate Constitu- 
tion, of 44 guns, Commodore Preble, brig Syren, of 12 guns, 
Captain Steuart, and schooner Vixen, of 14 guns, Lieutenant 
Commandant J. Smith, Nautilus, of 12 guns, Lieutenant Com- 
mandant R. Somers, Argus, of 16 guns, Lieutenant Comman- 
dant J. Hull, and Enterprize, of 12 guns, Lieutenant Com- 
mandant S. Decatur, were to be immediately fitted for a 
cruise in the Mediterranean. The whole to be under the 
command of Commodore Preble. — As a considerable time 
would elapse before the whole squadron would be prepared 
for sea, Captain Bainbridge received orders on the thirteenth 
of July, to proceed with the frigate Philadelphia to the Me- 
diterranean, with orders from the President of the United 
States, under the authority of an act of Congress to subdue, 
seize, and make prize of all vessels, goods, and effects, be- 
longing to the Bashaw of Tripoli, or to his subjects, who had 
declared war against the United States. 

During the passage of the Philadelphia up the Mediterra- 
nean, she discovered, on the coast of Spain, near Cape de 
Gatte, a Moorish man-of-war, with an American merchant 
brig under her charge. The circumstances attending this 
capture were communicated by Captain Bainbridge, to the 
secretary of the navy, in the subjoined letter to the navy de-- 
partment. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 73 

" I have the honour to inform you that we arrived from the 
Delaware, to the Bay of Gibraltar on the twenty -fourth of 
August, sailed again on the twenty-fifth, and on the night of 
the twenty-sixth, blowing very fresh, fell in near Cape de 
Gatte, with a ship carrying only her foresail with a brig in 
company. It being night, and having her guns housed pre- 
vented our immediately discovering her to be a cruiser. 
After repeatedly hailing, found she was a ship-of-war from 
Barbary, on which information I ordered her boat to be sent 
on board of me with her papers. I now discovered that she 
was a cruiser belonging to the Emperor of Morocco, and called 
the Meshboha, commanded by Ibrahim Litharez, mounting 
tv^^enty-two guns, and carrying one hundred and twenty 
men. 

" By not making ourselves known to the officer who came 
on board, he confessed that the brig in company was Ame- 
rican, and had been with them three or four days ; was bound 
to some port in Spain, and had been boarded by them, but 
not detained. The small sail which the brig was under, in- 
duced me to suspect that she had been captured. I there- 
fore sent my first lieutenant on board the ship, to see if 
there were any American prisoners, who, in attempting to 
execute my orders, was prevented by the commander. This 
increased my suspicion, and I sent a boat filled with armed 
men, to enforce compliance. 

" No opposition was offered to this force. They found Cap- 
tain Richard Rowen, of the American brig Celica, owned 
by Amasa Thayer of Boston, and seven of his crew, who 
were taken on the seventeenth of August, within two or 
three leagues of the shore, and twenty-five miles eastward 
of Malaga, whither they were bound. The Moors had con- 
fined them under deck, which they always do, when speak- 
ing a vessel, the character of which is not known. 

" After making this discovery, I instantly ordered all the 
Moorish officers and crew on board the Philadelphia, for I 
10 



74 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

had no hesitation in capturing the ship, after such proceed- 
ings on their part in violation of the faith of a passport which 
had been obtained from the United States consul at Tan- 
gier, M^hich should have been held sacred. 

" Owing to the high wind and sea, it. took us the greater 
part of the night to get the prisoners on board and man the 
prize, by which detention we lost sight of the brig, and did 
not discover her until late in the afternoon of the ensuing 
dav, when she was met coming round Cape de Gatte from 
the eastward, standing close in shore for Almira Bay ; but 
in consequence of light winds, we did not succeed in recap- 
turing her until twelve o'clock at night. 

" The Moors confessed that they came out for the sole 
purpose of cruising for, and capturing American vessels. 
Myself and officers have made it a point, to treat the pri- 
soners, not only with lenity, but with particular and marked 
attention, to impress on their minds a favourable opinion of 
the American character. 

" It was very fortunate, that circumstances occurred to 
create suspicions, or else, she might have passed all our 
ships. It was certainly a deep-laid plan; but I trust, will 
be happily frustrated." 

Other incidents connected with this affair, were verbally 
communicated by Captain Bainbridge, which possess consi- 
derable interest. 

The morning after the capture, the Moorish commander 
was requested to exhibit the orders which authorized him 
to capture American vessels, to which he replied, that he 
had none. To the question, why he had captured the brig, 
he answered, that as there was some misunderstanding be- 
tween his master and the United States consul, at Tangier, 
he was induced to commit this act, in anticipation of the 
war, which he thought was inevitable. Captain Bainbridge 
observed to him, that if such had been his intention pre- 
viously to sailing, he ought not, as an honourable officer, to 



COMMODORE EAINERIDGK. 75 

have availed himself of the protection of the consul's pass- 
ports. It now appears, that they v/ere obtained with the 
view of practising a deception on the United States cruisers. 
Captain Bainbridge expressed an unwillingness to believe 
him capable of acting thus dishonourably, and therefore, 
must presume that this violation of national faith, was com- 
mitted under the authority of the emperor. The Moorish 
commander, still persisting in his first denial, Captain Bain- 
bridge turned upon him, and sternly remarked, " Then, sir, 
I must consider you a pirate, and will be obliged to treat 
you as such." Bai?ibndge now pulled out his watch, showed 
Luharez the hour, and pronounced in an impressive tone, 
that he was about to visit the quarter-deck for half an hour, 
and if his authority for depredating on the commerce of the 
United States, was not forthcoming on his return, he would 
immediately hang him to the main yard as a pirate and 
malefactor. At the appointed time, Captain Bainbridge re- 
turned to the cabin with his watch in his hand, and his de- 
termined purpose expressed in his countenance, which 
caused the Moor, under the influence of much trepidation, 
to unbutton, in haste, several waistcoats, and from the inside 
pocket of the ffth, drew out the secret document. This 
paper, which authorized her capture, was sent to Commo- 
dore Preble at Gibraltar. 

Captain Bainbridge felt extreme reluctance in treating the 
aged and venerable Moor with such harshness; particularly, 
as he was a man of education, great dignity, and had for 
many years, represented the Emperor of Morocco, as his 
minister at the courts of France and Spain. He endea- 
voured, afterwards, to make him comfortable and at ease, 
by treating him with the utmost courtesy, and his officers 
and men with the greatest kindness, which removed all ap- 
prehensions. 

A few days after the capture was made, the ship's corpo- 
ra) struck one of the Moorish prisoners, for which he was 



76 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF 



severely punished in presence of the Moorish officers and 
crew. On inquiry, it was found, that the Moor had been 
insolent; but as nothing, in the estimation of Captain Bain- 
bridge, could justify a blow on a prisoner, the corporal was 
punished as an example to others, though the Moorish com- 
mander solicited his pardon. The commander of the recap- 
tured American vessel was permitted to proceed to Malaga, 
his original place of destination, and Captain Bainbridge, 
with his Moorish prize, returned to Gibraltar, and placed 
the vessel and prisoners under the care of the consul of the 
United States, until the arrival of Commodore Preble. 

Captain Bainbridge now sailed for cape St. Vincent in 
search of a Moorish thirty-gun-ship, which was reported to 
be cruising off that quarter. Not being able to find the ves- 
sel of which he was in pursuit, he returned up the Mediter- 
ranean to cruise off Tripoli, 

This seasonable check to Moorish rapacity was of great 
importance, and prevented all further depredations on the 
commerce of the United States, by that power. 

Commodore Preble arrived a few days after these transac- 
tions, and being made minutely acquainted with them, proceed- 
ed immediately to Tangier, and demanded reparation from 
the Emperor of Morocco, for the outrages which had been com- 
mitted. The Emperor gave assurances, that the order given 
by the governor of Tangier, to the commanders of Moorish 
vessels, to capture American merchantmen, were unautho- 
rized. As an evidence of his high displeasure, he deprived 
the governor of his commission, and confiscated his estates — 
publicly proclaimed the commander as a disgraced officer, 
and unfeelingly degraded him to expiate his master's crimi- 
nality. Notwithstanding the disavowal of the monarch, it 
was generally thought at the time that he authorized these 
captures ; but managed so, that the bad faith fell on the 
shoulders of his subordinates. 

Jn order to make his reparation perfect, he released an 



COMMODORE BAmBRIDGE. 77 

American ship, detained at Mogador, and ratified the treaty 
of peace, which had been made between the United States 
and the father of the present sovereign. 

Commodore Preble remarks in a letter to Captain Bain- 
bridge, " By a letter from the navy department, I am com- 
manded by the honourable secretary of the navy, Mr. Robert 
Smith, to assure you, that the president has approved of 
your conduct in capturing the Meshboha,and recapturing the 
prize, and to convey to you his thanks, for the vigilance and 
foresight exercised by you, in the whole conduct of that bu- 
siness, and for the rapid movements which you subsequently 
made to arrest the mischief intended us. 

" I am also charged to communicate to you the thanks of 
the honorable secretary. I obey their commands with great 
pleasure and satisfaction, sensible that you deserve them." 

The President of the United States in his message to 
Congress, of the 5th of December, 1803, speaks highly of 
the conduct of Commodore Preble ; Captains Rodgers, Camp- 
bell, and Bainbridge, for their active and useful services 
during this cruise, and in consideration of the Moorish ves- 
sels being restored by the terms of peace, he " recommends 
to the consideration of Congress, a just indemnification for 
the interests of the captors, who consented to restore the 
captured vessels for the public accommodation." — With great 
-unanimity, Congress voted, in obedience to the president's 
suggestion, the full value of the enemy's vessels which had 
=l)een restored. 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAINBRIDOE. 79 



CHAPTER IV. 



Arrival off Tripoli — Pursues an Enemy's Vessel — In the Chase, strucli 
on a Rock — Is Captured — Official Letter— Letter of Condolence from 
her Officers — Mr. Nison, the Danish Consul — His unwearied Kind- 
ness — Loss of Books — Supplied by Mr. Nison — Commodore directs 
the Studies of his young Officers — Summoned to appear before the Mi- 
nister — Required to write to Commodore Preble to release Triopoli- 
tan Prisoners — Refusal — Communicates the Bashaw's Complaint — ■ 
Carries on a Correspondence with Preble by Cipher and with Sympa- 
thetic Ink — Communicates in this Way a Plan for the Destruction of 
the Frigate Philadelphia — Plan is adopted — Emaciated State of the 
Crew— Obtains for them Salt Provisions — Jack gets drunk and flogs 
the Triopolitans — Bastinado — His Affliction^Letter to his Wife frona 
Prison — A Letter of Condolence from Preble. 

After the arrival of Captain Bainbridge ojfT Tripoli, he 
was informed by the commander of a Neapolitan merchant 
brig, that a corsair belonging to this regency had, the day 
before, sailed on a cruise. The schooner Vixen was imme- 
diately despatched in pursuit. 

Whilst the Philadelphia was returning to her station, from 
which she had been driven by the prevalence of strong 
westvvardly winds, a strange vessel was seen in shore, to 
which chase was immediately given, when, unfortunately, 
the frigate struck on a ledge of rocks. 



80 LIFE AND SERVICES OP 

The particulars of this unhappy catastrophe were com- 
municated by Captain Bainbridge, in the following letter, to 
the navy department. 

" Tripoli, JVovember the 1st, 1804. 

" On Monday, October the thirty-first, at nine o'clock, 
A. M., being about six or seven leagues to the east- 
ward of Tripoli, with the wind from the east, discovered a 
sail in shore. I immediately made sail in chase, and about 
ten, being within random shot, and perceiving she was 
armed, began firing into her from the first and second divi- 
sion of the larboard side. 

" The chase and fire were continued until half-past eleven, 
during which time the deep-sea, and hand lead, were kept 
constantly going, with regular soundings from seven to ten 
fathoms ; hauling off and on accordingly. At this time, it 
appearing evident that we could neither run the chase on 
shore, nor cut her off from the harbour of Tripoli, then dis- 
tant about three or four miles, orders were given to drop 
the foresail, which had been brailed up a little before, port 
the helm, give up the chase, and haul offshore ; but instead 
of deepening our water, as we had every reason to expect 
from the preceding circumstances of the chase, and from 
the form of the coast, it suddenly shoaled from eight to se- 
ven, and six and a half fathoms. The helm was instantly 
ordered hard-a-port, and the yards sharp braced ; but scarce- 
ly was the order issued, before the ship struck and run on a 
reef of rocks, until there was not above fourteen feet water 
under her fore-channels ; her draft before striking, being 
eiohteen and a-half feet aft, and her velocity, between seven 
and eight knots. The sails were laid a-back, and the for- 
v^^ard guns run aft, in hopes of backing her off, which not 
producing the desired effect, orders were given to stave the 
water in the hold, and pump it out, throw overboard the 
lumber and heavy articles of every kind, cut away the an- 
chors, except the larboard bower, and throw over all the 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 81 

guns, except a few for our defence against the enemy's gun- 
boats, which, by this time, had taken a station on our lar- 
board quarter, and commenced firing upon us. These 
orders were executed with alacrity and despatch, while the 
fire of the gunboats was returned with spirit from the few 
guns which were brought to bear upon them. Owing to 
the situation of the ship and position of the enemy, only a 
few carronades and the stern chasers could be used ; for 
which purpose, the stern was cut away. During these de- 
fensive operations, the ship drove higher on the rocks, and 
careened so much, as to render the guns almost entirely un- 
manageable, and at half-past six, she fell over on her broad- 
side. As a last resource, the foremast, and main-top-gallant 
mast were cut away, but without any beneficial effect, and 
the ship remained a perfect wreck, exposed to the constant 
fire of the gunboats, which could not be returned. 

" A council of officers was called, who declared that eve- 
ry possible means had been used, that ingenuity could de- 
vise, to get the ship off, and that there was no longer any 
possible hope of saving her. To strike to any foe was mor- 
tifying, but to yield to an uncivilized, barbarous enemy, 
who were objects of contempt, was humiliating. To lay as 
a target for them to fire at, and by a vain parade of una- 
vailing courage, wantonly sacrifice the lives of brave menj, 
was cruel, and could not be justified on any principle of war, 
or humanity. After mature deliberation, having been ex- 
posed for more than five hours to the fire of the gun-boats, 
it was unanimously agreed, that the only alternative was 
to haul down the colours and surrender after having thrown 
overboard all the small arms, floated the magazine, and 
scuttled the ship. 

" At four o'clock, the flag was struck, and immediately 

after, the ship was surrounded with the enemy's gunboats 

and other small craft. Our clothing was all packed up, and 

hopes were entertained of preserving them; hut about sunset. 

11 



82 LIFE AND SERVICES OT 

possession was taken of the frigate, when she was entered 
at every port, and an indiscriminate phmder took place. 
The swords, epaulets, watches, pocket trinkets, money, and 
almost every rag of clothing were taken from the officers ; 
even the cravats round their necks, and outside garments. 

" We landed about ten o'clock, near the Bashaw's castle, 
into which we were conducted, escorted by numerous guards, 
and finally entered his audience hall, where he was seated 
in his chair of state, surrounded by his divan and guards, 
all richly dressed, where we were presented to him as his 
captives. 

" After numerous questions on the subject of our capture, 
we were conducted to another apartment, where a supper 
was provided for us. About twelve o'clock at night, we 
were carried back to the hall and dismissed, in charge of 
the minister of state, Sidi Mohammed Dgheis, who marched 
us through the town, to the late American consul's house, 
which was assigned us as our temporary prison." 

Deeply afflicted and depressed, as a patriotic and sensitive 
mind must be, who grieved at the loss which his country 
had sustained, of a new and beautiful frigate ; and appre^ 
hensive that his countrymen might censure him before the 
true cause of the disaster could be explained, he felt much 
gratified, and the oppressive weight of his responsibilities 
lessened by receiving, the following morning, the subjoined 
letter from the commissioned and warrant officers of the. 
captured ship. 

Tripoli, JVbvember 1, 1803. 
" Sir, 

" We, late officers of the United States frigate Philadel- 
phia, under your command, wish to express our full appro- 
bation of your conduct, concerning the unfortunate event of 
yesterday, do conceive, that the charts and soundings justi- 
fied as near an approach to the shore as we made, and that-, 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 



83 



after she struck, every expedient was tried to get her off, 
and to defend her, which either courage or abilities could 
have dictated. 

"We wish to add, that in this instance as well as in every 
other, since we have had the honour of being under your 
command, the officers and seamen have always appreciated 
your distinguished conduct. Believe us, sir, that our misfor- 
tunes and sorrows are entirely absorbed in our sympathy for 
you. We are, sir, with sentiments of the highest and most 
sincere respect, your friends and fellow sufferers, — 



y Lieut's. 



David Porter, 
Jacob Jones, 
Theodore Hunt, 
Benjamin Smith, J 
John Ridgely, Surgeon. 
Wm. Osbourne, Lt. Marines. 
Keith Spence, Purser. 
Jonathan Gowdery, ) S'geon's 
Nicholas Hanwood, ) mates. 
William Knight, Master. 
William Godley, Carpenter. 
George Hadger, Boatswain. 
Richard Stevenson, Gunner. 
Joseph Douglass, Sail-maker. 



Robert Gamble, "1 
Bernard Henry, 
B. F. Reed, 
James Gibbon, 
D. T. Patterson, 
James Biddle, }■ B". 

James Renshaw, 
Wallace Wormly, 
Wm. Cutbush, 
Richard R. Jones, 
Simon Smith, J 

Wm. Adams, Captain's clerk. 
Minor Fountaine, Master's 
mate.* 



M 

5 

(T> 



* Nine of these officers are still living- — six of them continue in the naval 
service, and three have resigned. Nearly all have greatly distinguished them- 
selves by their gallant services. Of the three surviving ward-room officers. 
Commodore Jacob Jones alone remains in the navy, and is now commander 
of the Baltimore station. Commodore Porter resigned some years ago, and 
is now charge des affairs at Constantinople. Dr. Ridgely resigned soon af- 
ter he was liberated from prison in Tripoli, and is now a distinguished phy- 
sician and resident of Annapolis, Maryland. The surviving steerage officers 
are our gallant townsman, Commodore Biddle; Commodore Patterson, com- 
manding navy yard at Washington; Commodore Renshaw, commanding 
squadron on the Brazil station; Bernard Henry, Esq., who has long beeri 



84 LIFE AND SERVICES Oi' 

The day on which Captain Bainbridge received this most 
acceptable letter, Sidi Mohammed Dgheis, the minister of 
state, introduced to him N. C. Nissen, Esq., Danish consul, as 
his particular friend, and the only consul in Tripoli for whom 
he entertained the least respect. Mr. Nissen received Cap- 
tain Bainbridge with great kindness — expressed a lively sym- 
pathy for his misfortunes, and tendered his services in a tone 
and manner which satisfied all the American officers that 
he was entitled to the esteem which had been expressed for 
him by the Tripolitan minister. He promptly sent from his 
own house beds and bedding, furniture, and such other ar- 
ticles as their immediate wants demanded. During the whole 
period of their captivity this benevolent Dane did not for a 
day relax in the exercise of his influence and personal ser- 
vices to alleviate their condition. 

It was almost the daily practice of Mr. Nissen, to visit the 
prison of the American officers for the purpose of inquiring 
after their health and comfort. On one of these occasions 
Captain Bainbridge replied, that time lagged heavily and un- 
profitably in consequence of the loss of their books, of which 
they had been deprived when captured. He fully felt the 
truth of the remark, that " Leisure without books is the se- 
pulture of the living soul." 

Without a further remark, Mr. Nissen proceeded to his 
quarters and immediately sent two large baskets of choice 
works, in the English and French languages. Supposing 
that the officers would like to recover their own books, he 
found, upon inquiry, that for a moderate sum, they could be 
purchased, and accordingly not only did so, but had them 
brought to the prison the next day, to the great surprise and 

United States consul at Gibraltar, and at present in Philadelphia; and Rich- 
ard Jones, Esq., an associate judge of the court in Montgomery county, in 
this state. — Assistant surgeon Dr. Cowdery, is now the senior surgeon of the 
navy, and is stationed at Norfolk- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 85 

joy of the captives. — The purchase money was of course re- 
turned to him, and with it a profusion of hearty thanks, 
which never failed to confound him, and seemed on that ac- 
count acceptahle. He was one of those who Hked 

"To do good by stealth;" 

and in his character and deportment was entirely answera- 
ble to the maxim of Lavater, that " the more honesty a man 
has, the less he affects the air of a saint." 

The officers, through the exertions of the benevolent con- 
sul, had now collected a handsome library; and Captain Bain- 
bridge became unwearied in his efforts to render the period 
of their confinement useful to the younger officers, by per- 
sonally attending to the cultivation of their minds — forming 
in them habits of industry and application, and exciting emu- 
lation in the acquirement of useful knowledge. The mid- 
shipmen had certain hours assigned them for study, and were 
instructed in the various branches of mathematics, naviga- 
tion, and tactics. The studies of the senior officers, including 
himself, were more various, but not less intense and profita- 
ble. 

Information was thus obtained — habits of study established 
— sentiments of honour inspired, which have contributed in 
no small degree to the establishment of the distinguished re- 
putation, which many of his officers have now the gratifica- 
tion to enjoy. 

About ten days after the frigate had been captured, a 
messenger abruptly entered Captain Bainbridge's room, and 
desired him to proceed immediately to the apartments of the 
minister of foreign affairs. On his arrival he was informed 
that the Bashaw had received letters from the commander 
of the ship Mesurre, captured by the John Adams, Captain 
Chauncey, in which he complained of ill treatment to himself 
and crew, and that retaliation would be inflicted on Captain 



80 LIFE AIVD SERVICES OF 

Bainbridge, officers, and men, unless he instantly wrote to 
Commodore Preble, to release the Tripolitan prisoners then 
in his possession. Bainbridge replied, that the information 
which he received must be incorrect, because it is the prac^ 
tice of the Americans, to treat prisoners with kindness and 
magnanimity, and never with cruelty. He added that while 
the squadron lay in the bay of Gibraltar, he saw the Tripo- 
litan captain, visiting on familiar terms the different ships 
with the ofiicers of the vessel in which he lived. He could 
not write the letter which the Dey demanded, because Com- 
mander Preble was his senior ; but if he were not, his advise 
would be useless, as he had lost all power and rank while he 
remained a prisoner. — He was then desired to state to the 
commander of the United States squadron, the substance of 
the report which had reached the Bashaw, to which he 
ofTered no objections. This arrangement not proving satis- 
factory to the Regent, he sent an order that night that the 
officers should prepare to march to the castle the next morn- 
ing at nine o'clock. 

At the appointed hour, the chief slave driver, with his 
underlings, came to the prison, and marched the officers 
through several streets to the common prison which confined 
the crew of the ship. In this filthy abode, which is ordina- 
rily used for smoking hides, they were obliged to remain 
without food, except a little black bread and water, which 
was offered by the seamen, as a part of their own allow- 
ance. 

In the evening, a visit of condolence was paid to our of- 
ficers by the admiral, a renegade Scotsman by the name of 
Lyle, who urged Captain Bainbridge to accede to the Ba- 
shaw's washes. The latter replied with firmness, that as a 
prisoner, the Bashaw could subject him to the torture, or 
could lop off his head, but he could not force him to commit 
an act which is incompatible with the character of an Ame-. 
'I'ican officer. 



COMMODORE BAI\BRIDGE. 87 

Discovering that neither threats, nor harsh treatment, 
could force Captain Bainbridge from the course which he 
had determined to pursue, he and his officers were Hberated 
about midnight, and conveyed to their place of confine- 
ment. 

By a little address. Captain Bainbridge was enabled to 
maintain a correspondence with Commodores Preble and 
Barron, during the whole period of his confinement. The 
Dey gave him permission to communicate his wants by let- 
ter to the commodore of the Mediterranean squadron ; and 
v/hile Captain Bainbridge availed himself of this privilege, 
he took at the same time the liberty to enclose them on a 
ciphered envelope, and thus transmitted intelligence, which 
the authorities in Tripoli, would not have permitted him to 
do. The ciphers exciting the suspicion of tlie Dey, he di- 
rected his minister to withhold papers not legibly written. 

By the assistance of Mr. Nissen, another method was de^ 
vised, wdiich w-as more successful, because it w^as not de- 
tected. The good consul, as I have already stated, was in 
the habit of loaning books to our officers, which were al- 
ways sent and returned in paper envelopes. On these. Cap- 
tain Bainbridge wrote his communications with sympathetic 
ink, sent them to Mr. Nissen, who endorsed them to the Da- 
nish consul at Malta, for the commander of the American 
squadron, with directions as to the manner of rendering 
them legible. 

In one of these communications made v»^ith sympathetic 
ink, dated, December the fifth, 1803, Captain Bainbridge 
informed Commodore Preble, that he thought it practicable 
to destroy the frigate Philadelphia at her moorings in the 
harbour of Tripoli. He added, that all the enemy's gun- 
boats were hauled up on shore, and from the ramparts, he 
had observed, in addition to the castle, only one small bat- 
tery, with a few awkwardly mounted guns. To accompHsh 
this object he suggested the following plan— 



d8 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

" Charter a small merchant schooner, fill her with men, 
and have her commanded by fearless and determined of- 
ficers. Let the vessel enter the harbour at night, with her 
men secreted below deck — steer her directly on board the 
frigate, and then let the officers and men board, sword in 
hand, and there was not a doubt of their success, and with- 
out any very heavy loss. It would be necessary to take 
several good row boats, in order to facilitate the retreat, 
after the enterprise had been accomplished. The frigate, in 
her present condition, was a powerful auxihary battery for 
the defence of the harbour. Though it will be impossible 
to remove her from her anchorage, and thus restore this 
beautiful vessel to our navy ; yet, as she may, and no doubt 
will be repaired, an important end would be gained by her 
destruction." 

Commodore Preble highly approved of the plan suggested, 
which he submitted to the consideration of several of his 
confidential ofiicers. By the first opportunity, he wrote to 
Captain Bainbridge, that concurring with him as to the 
practicability of destroying the frigate Philadelphia, he was 
making preparations for that purpose, and that his friend. 
Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, had volunteered to command 
the enterprise. 

It is a subject of great regret, that neither Captain Bain- 
bridge's letter, nor Commodore Preble's reply to it, can be 
found. The writer has, however, what will be considered 
equally good authority, a written statement of the facts, in 
the hand-writing of Commodore Bainbridge. 

In another letter to Commodore Preble, dated from pri- 
son, the 26th of March, 1804, he states, " The destruction 
of Tripoli could be effected, by sending three or four thou- 
sand troops, and if it were possible to preserve profound se- 
crecy, as to the expedition, I have no doubt, a much less 
force would accomplish it. I am clearly of opinion, that if 
you had about eighteen or twenty ship's boats, you could 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 89 

destroy all the gunboats, which would be attended with the 
most favourable consequences, towards a peace." 

On the 7 th of July, he again writes, " I gave you my opi- 
nion, that firing shells into this town, if it was done in the 
night, would drive all the inhabitants to the country, where 
there are not habitations to receive them, and by continuing 
to heave them from time to time, for a month or two, the 
distress that the people would be in, by being kept out of 
town, would make them clamorous." 

July the 8th, " I believe the Bashaw expects an attack, 
for he has moved his family to the gardens, and comes in 
every evening. I hope you v.ill be able to reduce this 
place; but don't you think, that ship's boats would answer 
better than gunboats 1 The former would be more ma- 
nageable for attack in the harbour, which must be sudden 
and furious. Cursed fate ! which deprives me of sharing in 
the danger and glory." 

As Captain Bainbridge and his officers, were not permit- 
ted to have intercourse with the crew, they knev/ little of 
their condition. The ever watchful eye of Mr. Nissen dis- 
covered that they were out of spirits and emaciated. This 
arose from their being obliged to labour hard on a diet to 
which they were not accustomed; consisting of black bread 
and olive oil. Though this is the usual food of the Tripoli- 
tan labourers, yet it was so much less nutritious than the 
common food of our sailors and marines, that they became 
so feeble as not to be able to perform their tasks. 

The carpenters, blacksmiths, riggers, and sail-makers, 
were employed in business connected with their trades. 
The rest laboured on the fortifications. 

Captain Bainbridge wrote to Commodore Preble for a 
supply of salt provision and clothing for the men. These 
articles being seasonably received, a very rapid improver 
ment took place in both the health and spirits of the crew. 

Anxious that the fortifications should be perfected as soon 
12 



90 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

as possible, the American prisoners were offered money by 
the Dey, for any extra work which they would do after 
their daily task was completed. He also promised, that 
two or three, at a time, might be permitted to walk through 
the city. With the money obtained by extra work, they 
would repair to the Jewish shop-keepers, and soon drink a 
sufficiency of brandy to make them drunk, after which they 
would return reeling through the streets. 

As there is no object so offensive to Musselmans as a 
drunken man, and as there is no way in which they can ex- 
press their disgust so strongly, as by spitting in the face; 
Jack seldom failed to encounter a salutation of this kind, when- 
ever he appeared intoxicated in the street.X As sailors are 
not, however, disposed to submit to insults under any condi- 
tion, they generally turned upon the Tripolitans and flogged 
them severely for their insolence. Poor blue-jacket would 
now be reported to the Guarda Sclava; who being a per- 
fect tyrant in disposition, would seldom fail to order the 
bastinado, a mode of punishment which is terribly severe, 
and not unfrequently inflicted on the American crew. 

The manner of punishment by the bastinado consists in 
placing the body of the culprit, horizontally, on his back, 
tying together his ankles and knees, and placing his legs in 
a line perpendicularly to his body. They are held in this 
position by a man placed on either side of him, while a third, 
with a strong paddle, strikes the soles of his bare feet with 
all his force. When the blows are numerous, the blood 
will sometimes be forced through the upper part of the feet 
by rupturing the skin ; swelling and inflammation Vv^ill follow, 
which sometimes extend to the knee. Unless the injury 
thus inflicted is properly attended to, by directing repose 
in a horizontal position, and by the prompt application of 
local depletion, suppuration has supervened, which, in some 
intances, has caussed permanent lameness. 

When our sailors were subjected to the bastinado, they 



COMMODORE BAINRRIDGE. 91 

were greatly favoured by the humanity of the slave driver 
under whose immediate care they were placed. The sailor 
was secured in the manner already described, two of his 
messmates were harshly and loudly ordered to hold up his 
legs, while he placed four or five double of straw mats over 
his feet, which were directed to be held there, while he 
pounded them so lustily as to be heard some distance from 
the prison. To render the deception perfect, the sailor or 
marine was directed to cry at the top of his voice, which 
advice he of course followed until nearly exhausted. The 
chief slave driver would think it undignified to be present at 
the punishment of so humble a prisoner ; but never fails to 
listen on the outside of the building, so as to satisfy himself 
that the blows had been so honestly inflicted as to produce 
the necessary degree of pain; of w^iich he judged by the 
noise of the blows, and the screams of the culprit. After 
this duty has been performed, the slave driver is praised by 
his superior as a faithful and honest fellow. 

The deception of poor Jack is pardonable, and will not, I 
hope, be condemned by the moralist. 

It may be gathered, from several private letters from Cap- 
tain Bainbridge to his confidential friends, that during the 
first few months of his captivity he was a deeply afflicted 
man. — To none, however, has he unbosomed himself so tho- 
roughly as in the subjoined letter to his fond and sympathiz- 
ing wife. From this the reader may judge of the depth of 
anguish, which a military oflicer may experience, during the 
tedious period of suspense which elapses between the dates 
of his misfortunes, and the investigation of the case by the 
proper tribunal. 

" Tripoli, Mvemher 1st, 1803. 
« My Dear Susan, 

" With feelings of distress which I cannot describe, I have 
to inform you, that I have lost the beautiful frigate which 
was placed under my command, by running her a-foul of 



92 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

rocks, a few miles to the east of this harbour, which are not 
marked in the charts. After defending her as long as a ray 
of hope remained, I was obliged to surrender, and am now 
with my officers and crew confined in a prison in this place. 
I enclose to you a copy of my official letter to the secretary 
of the navy, from which you will learn all the circumstances 
in detail, connected with our capture. 

"My anxiety and affliction does not arise from my confine- 
ment and deprivations in prison — these, indeed, I could bear 
if ten times more severe; but is caused by my absencCj 
which may be a protracted one, from my dearly beloved Su- 
san; and an apprehension which constantly haunts me, that 
I may be censured by my countrymen. These impressions, 
which are seldom absent from my mind, act as a corroding 
canker at my heart. So maddened am I sometimes by the 
workings of my imagination, that I cannot refrain from ex- 
claiming that it would have been a merciful dispensation of 
Providence if my head had been shot off by the enemy, while 
our vessel lay rolling on the rocks. 

"You now see, my beloved wife, the cause of my distress — 
my situation in prison is entirely supportable — I have found 
here kind and generous friends, such as I hope the virtuous 
will meet in all situations ; but if my professional character 
be blotched — if an attempt be made to taint my honour — if 
I am censured, if it does not kill me, it would at least de- 
prive me of the power of looking any of my race in the face> 
always excepting, however, my young, kind, and sympa- 
thizing wife. If the world desert me, I am sure to find a 
welcome in her arms — in her affection, to receive the sup- 
port and condolence which none others can give. 

" I cannot tell why I am so oppressed with apprehension — 
I am sure I acted according to my best judgment — my offi- 
cers tell me, that my conduct was faultless — that no one in- 
deed could have done better, but this I attribute, (perhaps 
in my weakness) to a generous wish on their part to sustain 
mc in my affliction. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 1)3 

I hope soon to hear that your health is good, and akhoiigh 
grieved at my misfortune, are yet surrounded by dear and 
condoHng friends, who will in some measure assuage your 
affliction. Perhaps, too, you will be able to tell me, that I 
have done injustice to my countrymen — that so far from cen- 
suring, they sympathize, and some even applaud me. God 
grant that this may be the case — and why should it not 1 
The Americans are generous as they are brave. I must stop, 
my dear wife, for I see I am disclosing my weakness — these 
are the mere reveries which daily pass through my heated 
brain. 

" I beg that you will not suppose our imprisonment is at- 
tended with suffering — on the contrary, it is, as I have alrea- 
dy assured you, quite a supportable state. 
"Your ever faithful and 

"Affectionate husband, 

"WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE. 
" Mrs. Susan Bainbridge, 
" Perth Amboy." 

About six weeks after the preceding letter w^as written, 
Captain Bainbridge received the following kind, and cheer- 
ing letter, from his friend Commodore Preble. Being well 
informed of all the facts connected with the loss of the fri- 
gate, the opinion of so distinguished an officer, would not 
only silence every whisper of censure, but would comfort 
and tranquillize the wounded sensibility of her afflicted com- 
mander, during the remainder of his confinement. 

" United States S. Co?2stitution, 

" Off Malta, 19ih Dec. 1803. 
" Dear Sir, 

" I am honoured with your several favours of the 1st, 6th, 

12th, and 15th ultimo, with their enclosures. I feel most 

sensibly for the misfortunes of yourself, your officers, and 

crew. Your situation is truly distressing, and affects your 



94 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

friends too powerfully to be described. Your zeal for your 
country has occasioned the loss of a frigate, and, for a time, 
of a valuable commander, officers, and crew. I have not 
the smallest doubt, but that you all have done every thing, 
which you conceived could be done, to get the ship off; and 
extricate yourself from the unhappy situation in which you 
were placed ; and I most sincerely regret, that your exer- 
tions were not attended with success. The necessity of 
yielding to an enemy of any description, must be painful 
indeed; but how extremely so to a nation who know not 
how to respect the unfortunate. You may rest assured, 
that in me you have a friend, whose exertions shall never 
be wanting in endeavours to relieve you ; and in the mean 
time, you may command such supplies of money for the 
comfort of yourself, officers, and crew, as you may require. 
I have only to request 3'^our requisition for such supplies— 
and a certificate, that your officers and crew were obedient 
to orders, while on board, and that they still continue to be 
so, as far as their situation will admit of; and to make 
known unto me, from time to time, for the information of 
the navy department, any improper conduct on the part of 
any of them, in order that their pay may be checked. 

" I settled a peace with the emperor of Morocco, the fif- 
teenth of October ; and the former treaty made by his fa- 
ther, Sidi Mohamet, was that day ratified and confirmed ; 
and all detained and captured property was restored on 
both sides. This arrangement released a cargo of value 
belonging to Salem, together with her crew detained at 
Mogador. The emperor positively denied the orders to 
capture our vessels. I next went to Gibraltar, made up 
my despatches for government, and on the nineteenth, the 
John Adams and New York, sailed with them. On my pas- 
sage from Gibraltar to Syracuse, I spoke the British frigate 
Amazon, from the captain of which, I received the distress- 
ing intelligence of your misfortune ; but no particulars, 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 95 

which determined me to go to Malta. On the 27th of Oc- 
tober, arrived off that place, sent a boat on shore, received 
your letters, and a gale coming on, I ran for Syracuse, and 
entered that harbour, where I found the store ship and En- 
terprise. I have been furnished by the governor of Syra- 
cuse, with every convenient accommodation for the deposite 
of provisions and stores, masts, spars, boats, &c. 1 have 
formed an establishment at that place, and made it the gene- 
ral rendezvous of the squadron ; although in the winter I 
shall keep a vessel at Malta for information, and occasional- 
ly visit it myself. I am now on my way for a cruise off 
Tripoli. The weather has been extremely stormy, since 
our arrival at Syracuse : for many days it blew a gale, and 
prevented us from putting to sea. 

" This letter is left at Malta, as at this season of the year 
it is possible we may not be able to send a boat on shore at 
Tripoli. 

" 1 have written to the Swedish and Danish consuls, and 
endorsed your duplicates. 

" I shall lodge funds for you at Malta, and will make such 
arrangements, that you can receive a regular supply from 
thence, until I can make a better arrangement at Tunis. 

" God bless and preserve you. May you have health, 
and live to enjoy the smiles of the fickle goddess ! I shall 
write to you often under cover to the Danish consul. Let 
me know if any other person at Tripoli can bfe of service to 
you, that I can, by any means, make your friend. Consul 
O'Brien recommended to me, a Mr. Bryan M'Donough, at 
Ti'ipoli. as a person who could be serviceable in any nego- 
tiation with the Bashaw. 

" Perhaps it will be well to make him your friend. I 
suppose cash, will be necessary for this purpose. 

" The first consul of France, the much celebrated Bona- 
parte, has interested himself deeply in your situation. More 
of this hereafter. 



9G LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

" Mr. Izard tells me you have grown thin ; I fear, my 
friend, you let your misfortunes bear too heavy on your 
mind, by which you may destroy your health. Recollect 
that destiny, and not want of courage, has deprived you of 
liberty, but not of honour. You will, I hope, ere long revisit 
your native country, and meet the approbation of your fel- 
low citizens, and confidence of your government. 

" Conscious yourself of having done your duty, and the 
certificates of your officers approbating your conduct and 
exertions on the day the ship was lost, must afford you 
consolation amidst your misfortunes. 

'' I have the honour to be, 

" with esteem and respect, 
" Dear sir, 

^' Your obedient servant, 
" EDWARD PREBLE." 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 97 



CHAPTER V. 



Fast of Ramadan — Biaram Festival — Bainbridge and Porter invited to 
it — Visits in succession the Bashaw, the Prime Minister, Bay of Ben- 
gazy, Sidi Mohammed Dgheis — Kind Treatment of the latter — Visits 
to the Country — Destruction of the Philadelphia, by Decatur — Man- 
ner in which her Destruction was effected — Rage of the Bashaw — Pri- 
soners confined to the Castle — Prisoners endeavour to escape — Disap- 
pointments — Suffering from confined Air — Conduct of the Guarda 
Sclava — Bombardment of Tripoli by Preble — Gallant Conduct and 
brilliant Success of the American Frigate and Gunboats — Heroic Con- 
duct of Decatur, and others — Restores the Tripolitan Prisoners — Ba- 
shaw submitted Terms of Peace. American Vessel blown up — Bain- 
bridge injured by falling of the Prison Wall — Cowardly Conduct of 
the Tripolitan Guard — Rencontre between the Prisoners and Guard — 
Difficulty adjusted — Preble renews his Attack on the Town — Fire 
Ship — Awful Explosion — The heroic Sommers — Bainbridge is per- 
mitted to examine the different Officers — Another Attempt to escape. 

During the Fast of Ramadan, which lasted during a peri- 
od of thirty days, the prisoners were treated with unusual 
kindness. This is a period of religious abstinence, during 
which Mahommedans are enjoined by their creed to im- 
pose on themselves many moral and physical restraints; 
such as hospitality and charity to enemies. "To taste food 
or drink, to smell perfumes, or swallow spittle, to vomit, 
13 



98 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

bathe, or even breathe the air too freely, from day-break till 
sunset, would render this sacred ordinance null and void. 
But from evening till day-break, the faithful arc allowed to 
refresh nature, though the more scrupulous renew their fast 
at midnight." 

As a reward for these statutory mortifications, the Biaram 
festival is instituted, which lasts from three to six days, and 
immediately succeeds the fast. A few of the prisoners were 
allowed to participate in the enjoyments of the anniversary 
feast. Captain Bainbridge and Lieutenant D. Porter, were 
invited to the Bashaw's palace, and were conducted there 
by the minister of foreign affairs. They were ushered into 
the Bashaw's audience chamber, and presented to him, while 
he was seated on his chair of state, surrounded by his chil- 
dren, officers of the divan, and life guards. As all were 
magnificently attired, and as the chamber was surrounded 
by ottomans, covered with richly embroidered scarlet cloth, 
the spectacle was highly imposing. After presentation, the 
Bashaw rose, and invited the American officers to be seated 
on his right. Coffee and sherbet were handed to them, af- 
ter which they were sprinkled with otto of roses, and fumi- 
gated with frankincense. These duties were performed by 
Neapolitan slaves, who constituted a part of his household. 
After these ceremonies were performed, the officers took 
leave of the Bashaw, by saluting him in the fashion of theit 
own country. 

While passing from this scene of festivity, they observed 
in the avenue from the castle three beautiful little boys 
seated on a stone bench, with countenances expressive of 
extreme sadness. On inquiry, Captain Bainlmdge learned 
that they were the sons of Sidi Hamit, the depbled Bashaw 
of Tripoli, who was then a proscript and an exile in Egypt. 
Not content with usurping the whole power of the Regen- 
cy, he must grace his festival, by indulging in the paltry ma- 
lice of exhibiting these children to the parasites around him-. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 99 

as an evidence of his power, and of his triumph over the 
fortunes of an injured brother. To the credit, however, of 
many of the Bashaw's guests, they seemed, when unobserved, 
to sympathize with the innocent and unhappy captive boys, 
and did not share in the brutal feehngs of the heartless un- 
cle. 

Under the arcade of the palace gate was seated the prime 
minister, with whom the American officers conversed for a 
short period, and again partook of coffee and sherbet. In 
this situation he held his Bed of Justice. He was chief jus- 
tice in all civil cases, and was highly esteemed, as well in his 
official, as in his private character. He is a Russian by birth, 
though he was quite a youth when first he arrived in Tri- 
poli. He was very polite and affable, wished our officers a 
speedy restoration to liberty and their country, and gave 
each of them a nosegay, a mark of respect which is highly 
estimated by Tripolitans. 

This minister was an early associate and follower of the 
existing Bashaw, and proved himself a soldier of high bear- 
ing and undaunted courage, in his wars against his father, 
brothers, and Ali Baget. 

From the prime minister they visited the uncle of the Ba- 
shaw, who was then Bey of Bengazy. Having resided many 
years in Malta, he acquired a correct knowledge of the Ita- 
lian language, had cultivated an acquaintance with some 
branches of natural science, and might be with propriety de- 
nominated a scholar, and an accomplished gentleman. In 
receiving the American officers, he manifested great kind- 
ness and sensibility. Refreshments were presented as be- 
fore, and in a similar style. 

They were next presented to their tried and good friend 
Sidi Mohammed Dgheis. In point of splendour, his enter- 
tainment exceeded all the others. Tea, coffee, sherbet, 
choice fruits, and confectionary, were served on rich and 
massive plate. He treated his guests with great affability, 



100 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

and on their departure wished them a speedy hberation. 
After thus feasting, they retired to their gloomy apartments, 
which formed a strong contrast to the gay and splendid 
scenes which they had just left — such a contrast, indeed, as 
was well calculated to produce a revulsion of feeling, not 
easily to be controlled. 

Through the intercession of this amiable Turk, the officers 
were permitted, early in February, to ride a few miles into 
the country. To breathe the fresh air, and delightful odour 
of the orange groves, in exchange for the damp and stag- 
nant effluvia of their confined prison, was, indeed, an indul- 
gence Mdiich none can properly appreciate who were diffe- 
rently situated. The American officers were indebted to 
him, indeed, for a continuation of kind offices, during the 
whole period of their imprisonment. He was a mediator 
in all cases of difficulty, between them and the Bashaw, and 
protected them from many indignities, to which otherwise 
they would have been exposed. He was a gentleman in 
feelings and in acquirements, and from his knowledge of the 
world, knew well what was due to others possessing such 
qualities; having been ambassador at the courts of England, 
Spain, France, and Naples. 

He frequently obtained permission from the Bashaw for 
two or three officers to visit him at a time, at his country 
seat ; and very often would send them choice fruits and ve- 
getables from his garden. 

The country around Tripoli was beautifully fertile and 
picturesque. Barley and wheat fields, alternated with groves 
of date, olive, figs, lemon, orange, apricot, peach, and a great 
variety of ornamental trees. Their grounds were arranged 
with taste and elegance — their bowers fancifully decorated, 
and enriched by luxuriant vines, and every where, indeed, 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 101 

"By Nalm-e's swift and secret-working luincl 
The gardens glow, and fill the liberal air, 
With lavish'd fragrance." 

What delightful sensations must have been awakened in 
the bejievolent moslem, in exercising his influence to relieve 
even for a short period, his fellow men, from the tedium of 
their gloomy prison, to 

» Wander o'er the dewy fields. 

Where freshness breathes;" 

and to observe them 

" Amid the glad creation, musing praise 
And looking lively gratitude." 

On the 15th of February, 1804, about midnight, the ofB- 
cers were suddenly awakened, by the rapid discharge of 
heavy artillery from the Tripohtan batteries. They sprang 
to the windows, and were delighted to observe the frigate 
Philadelphia, the boasted trophy of the Bashaw, wrapt in 
devouring flames. This spectacle was particularly gratify- 
ing to Captain Bainbridge, as he witnessed in it the accom- 
phshment of his own scheme, which he had submitted some 
time before to Commodore Preble, and saw removed at the 
same time the beautiful vessel which he daily grudged to 
behold in the possession of the enemy. 

This brilliant enterprise was achieved by Lieutenant Ste- 
phen Decatur, and his brave followers. After Commodore 
Preble had received Captain Bainbridge's letter, containing 
his plan for the destruction of the captured frigate, he sub- 
mitted it to Lieutenant Decatur, who promptly offered to 
command the expedition. The crew of the United States 
frigate were piped on deck for the purpose of obtaining vo- 
lunteers. As usual on such occasions on board United States 
vessels, twice the number volunteered that were required. 
Of these, seventy broad-shouldered gallant-looking fellows 



102 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

were selected, and were ordered to hold themselves in rea- 
diness for this service. Among the volunteers was a slender 
youth of nineteen, who had belonged to the congregation of 
Friends in Philadelphia, and who for some trifling breach of 
discipline, determined to encounter the dangers of the sea, 
rather than the rebukes of the sages of his own society. 
Being overlooked in the selection made by Decatur, he 
begged to be allowed to accompany the expedition, but only 
received the short reply, that the complement was complete. 
Unwilling to be thus put off, he again solicited Decatur with 
great eagerness, as he was about to pass over the gangway of 
the ship, to accept of him as a volunteer. This unusual im- 
portunity awakened the curiosity of the Lieutenant, who 
turned towards the youth, surveyed him with his penetrating 
eye, and sternly asked him why he was so anxious to go on 
an enterprise so perilous. The lad blushed, and recollecting, 
I suppose, his peaceful education, would not say, he wished 
to engage in battle, but modestly remarked, " I wish to see 
the paris." I need not add, that his services were accepted. 
A Tripolitan ketch, which Decatur had captured a few 
days before, and which was now called the Intrepid, was 
fitted out to carry them to the harbour of Tripoli. The 
ofiicers selected for the enterprise, were Lieutenants James 
Lawrence and Joseph Bainbridge, with Midshipmen, Charles 
Morris* and John Henly. The Intrepid, in company with 
the brig Syren, Lieutenant Charles Stewart, sailed from 
Syracuse on the third of February, and after a tempestuous 
passage of twelve days, arrived about twilight ofi" their des- 
tined harbour. The hour of ten was assigned to meet the 
boats of the Syren, which were to accompany the expedi- 
tion, but in consequence of the change of wind, the two ves- 
sels became separated six or eight miles. As there was 
danger in delay, Decatur resolved to gain the inner harbour. 

• The present Commodore Morris. 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 103 

Accordingly, at nine o'clock, he increased his sail; but 
owing to the lightness of the wind, three hours were lost in 
passing three miles. When within about a hundred yards, 
he was hailed from the frigate, and threatened with being 
fired into, unless he immediately came to anchor. A Mal- 
tese pilot, who was on board, was directed to say that the 
anchors were lost. The ketch, when wdthin fifty yards of 
the Philadelphia, being completely becalfned, Lieutenant 
Decatur ordered a rope to be carried out in a boat, and 
fastened to the fore-chains of the frigate. This point being 
gained, the craft was quickly warped along side, before her 
true character was suspected by the Tripolitans. Decatur 
immediately sprang on board, with the gallant midshipman 
Morris, by his side, quickly followed by the other officers 
and men. Though a short interval elapsed before the crew 
succeeded in mounting after them, such was the consterna- 
tion of the Turks, that they took no advantage of this de- 
lay. The brave commander, with his gallant followers, now 
rushed, sword in hand, on the enemy, who were crowded 
together on the forecastle, and soon overpow-ered them; but 
not until a vast proportion of them were killed, wounded, 
and thrown overboard. 

Being prepared with matches, and combustibles, each of- 
ficer ran to such points of the ship as had been assigned to 
him by previous arrangement, and thus fired her in a num- 
ber of places at the same time. In a few seconds, she was 
enveloped in flames. It required great exertions to save 
the Intrepid from destruction — she was attached to a vessel 
in a state of fearful conflagration — was fired upon by the 
water battery and castle at the same time, and had it not 
been for a favourable breeze, which at that juncture sprang 
up, escape would have been impossible. In this gallant en- 
terprise, none of the Americans were killed, and only four 
wounded. It may not be improper to add, that the stripling 
■Friend, to whom allusion has been already made, was among 



104 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

the first to board, and the foremost in the daring charge on 
the forecastle. He was ever afterwards a prime favourite 
in the squadron. 

Nothing could exceed the rage of the Bashaw at the loss 
of his valuable prize. He ordered the prison to be imme- 
diately surrounded by guards, and interrupted all intercourse 
between the officers and men. On the first of March, they 
were conducted under a strong guard to the castle, and con- 
fined in a cold and damp apartment, with only one opening 
at the top, which vi^as grated with iron. Through this 
aperture alone they received light and air. In this place, 
they were entombed during the remainder of their captivity. 
The condition of the prisoners was, however, in no small 
decree, alleviated by the unwearied attentions of Mr. Nissen, 
the benevolent Dane. 

Seeing no prospects of liberation, the officers determined 
to make an effort to escape from their uncomfortable quar- 
ters. The castle being situated near the harbour, it was 
thought practicable to reach it, and thus obtain their free- 
dom, provided boats could be procured, to carry them to 
our squadron in -the offing. With this view, Commodore 
Preble was written to on the subject, requesting the aid of 
his barges, and designating the place and time of meeting. 
The difficulty of sending such a letter, was very great, but, 
by great address, and with the aid of good friends, it was 
ultimately accomplished. They first attempted to dig a 
passage under the castle, but had not advanced far, when 
it was discovered, that the distance which it would be ne- 
cessary to dig, would extend seventy or eighty feet, and 
that the outer aperture would be under the water of the 
bay, which washed the outer walls of the castle. In conse- 
quence of the difficulty from this cause, and from the im- 
possibihty of concealing perfectly the dirt which was taken 
from the passage, this scheme was abandoned. Added to 
this, they discovered that sentinels were placed along shore 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 105 

for several miles on either side of the cit}'-, so that it would 
have been difficult for the boats to have approached the, 
shore, and next to impossible to reach them, even if the of- 
ficers had extricated themselves from prison. 

During one of the dreary nights of confinement, Captain 
Bain bridge and Lieutenant Jones determined to explore, 
if possible, an apartment adjoining to their prison. With 
this view, they opened a passage through a thick wall, en- 
tered the room, and discovered that the floor of the upper 
story was broken down, above which was a window, which, 
from its great height, was supposed by the prison keeper to 
be beyond reach, and, therefore, had not been built up, as 
was the case with all the others. It was secured, however, 
with iron bars. 

One of the officers, by great exertions, ascended to this 
window, which he found overlooked the ramparts of the cas- 
tle. After satisfying himself by this reconnoissance, which 
was repeated by other officers for several days in succession, 
it was determined to make an attempt to escape through 
this window, to pass thence to the edge of the rampart 
fronting the harbour, — to make fast a rope to one of the 
cannon, and descend by it into the water, a distance of se- 
venty feet. Their plan then was to swim for a small vessel 
which was in view — take her by surprise, and trust to Pro- 
vidence to be taken up by our own squadron, which was 
then cruising in the distance. 

None but strong and good swimmers could engage in this 
enterprise, and the delay occasioned by their descending the 
rope in succession would increase the risk of discovery. 
As it appeared, however, the only chance of escape, it was 
determined to make the attempt. Captain Bainbridge had, 
at first, resolved to join in this scheme; but perceiving that 
it occasioned dissatisfaction among those of his fellow pri- 
soners who could not swim, he at once assured them that 
14 



106 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

he would remain in prison and partake of their danger and 
sufFering until all were liberated together. 

They commenced their operations, and in a few days cut 
off the iron bars of the window, so that they could he re- 
moved in a few minutes. Ropes being formed out of their 
sheets and blankets, and every preparation made for their 
hazardous exploit, they took off their clothes with the ex- 
ception of shirts and pantaloons, and at midnight, when all 
appeared quiet, and the course clear, they cautiously re- 
moved the iron bars — passed through the window, and 
crawled in single file along the rampart, to the point where 
it was proposed to descend, carrying with them the coils of 
rope. After they had nearly reached the designated gun to 
which the rope was to be attached, the relief guard was 
observed to approach. A halt was immediately commanded, 
they remained silent and anxious for a few seconds, but be- 
lieving that they were unobserved, retreated quickly through 
the window, replaced the iron bars, and returned to the pri- 
son in safety. 

Though much chagrined at this disappointment, it proved 
fortunate in the end, as the vessel to which they proposed 
to swim, had disappeared, and, as they afterwards learned, 
had weighed anchor early the previous evening, and sailed 
with the view of eluding the United States squadron. Had 
it not been for the appearance of the sentinel, they would 
have descended into the water, would have swam to the ves- 
sel, which lay half a mile from the shore, bewildered and ex- 
hausted in the dark, and would have either perished in the sea, 
or shot by the guards if they attempted to reach the shore. 

These various unsuccessful elTbrts destroyed, for a time, 
all hopes of escape. After a few months had elapsed, how- 
ever, the spirit of adventure was again awakened by learn- 
ing that a British frigate was soon expected to bring in, and 
land a consul. It was again determined to make an effort 
to escape from the castle, and to swim for the frigate, where 



COMMODORE EAI\ERIDGE. 107 

it was hoped they would be received and protected. To 
accomplish this, it was resolved to cut a passage through 
the castle and under the ramparts, through which they in- 
tended to descend into the water of the harbour, and thence 
reach the frigate by swimming. 

This new enterprise was commenced with great spirit, 
about the last of June, but while digging under the rampart, 
a vault was entered, by which the work was so weakened, 
as to give way, while the guard was engaged in the night, 
in moving a forty-two pounder. Though the whole super- 
incumbent part caved in, yet it did not awaken suspicion, 
or lead to discovery. This accident again arrested their 
labours, but had they been successful, the plan would not 
have proved successful, inasmuch as the frigate did not 
even come to anchor, but merely hove to, until the consul 
was sent on shore, and then proceeded to sea. 

These repeated failures induced them to relinquish all 
further attempts to escape from their irksome confinement. 

The foul and stagnant air of the prison, caused, during 
the hot weather, great oppression and suffering to the pri- 
soners. Repeated solicitations w^ere made to have the 
apartment ventilated, but receiving no attention, one of the 
officers opened a part of a window which had b,een closed 
with stone and mortar. So soon as Sossey, the Guarda 
Sclava, perceived the breach, he rushed into the prison, and 
in a tone of great violence, demanded, who had dared to 
violate the sacred walls of the prison. After indulging in 
gross abuse, he bade them recollect that they were in 
Tripoli, and then threatened them with the terrible ven- 
geance of the Bashaw. Captain Bainbridge very coolly re- 
plied, that the oppressive treatment which they had received 
made them fully aware that they were in Tripoli. He ex- 
pressed his entire disregard of any additional severity which 
the Bashaw could inflict, and his contempt for the minion 
whose conduct was characterized by such unmanliness. 



108 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

Lieutenant Poi'ter now stepped forwards, and informed 
Sossey that he had made the opening. This terrible mon- 
ster immediately seized the Lieutenant, and while breathing 
vengeance, he hurried him to a filthy room in a distant part 
of the castle, where he was locked up. In the course of a 
few hours he was carried before Sidi Mohammed Dgheis, 
who received him in his usual kind manner — expressed his 
grief, that the prisoners were so uncomfortably situated, and 
lamented that it was not in his power to improve their con- 
dition, and added that he entirely disapproved of the brutal 
conduct of Sossey. 

An event soon happened which taught the Bashaw that 
he was neither so secure nor so powerful as he had fan- 
cied himself On the twelfth of July, 1804, Commodore Pre- 
ble appeared off Tripoli with a small squadron. On the 
third of August, at three P. M., commenced a tremendous 
fire between our men of war, and the Tripolitan castle, bat- 
teries, and gunboats. Shot and shells were thrown into 
every quarter of the city, causing the greatest consternation 
among the inhabitants. The firing attracted the attention 
of the officers to the high grated window of the prison, from 
which they observed with unspeakable pride, three of the 
American gunboats bear down, in gallant style, on the ene- 
my's eastern division, consisting of nine vessels of the same 
class. As our vessels advanced, a few well directed rounds 
of grape and musketry were fired, and as soon as the ves- 
sels came in contact, our gallant countrymen boarded sword 
in hand, and after a fierce contest of a few minutes, they 
captured three of the Tripolitan gunboats, the other six 
precipitately fled. At the moment of victory Captain De- 
catur was informed that his brother. Lieutenant James De- 
catur had been treacherously shot by a Tripolitan comman- 
der, after he had boarded and captured him. The fearless 
Decatur immediately pursued the murderer, and succeeding 
in getting alongside just as he was retreating within the ene'^ 



COMMODORE BAlNBRIDGE. 109 

«iy's lines, he boarded with only eleven followers. Decatur 
immediately attacked the Tripolitan commander, who was 
armed with spear and cutlass. In the contest, which for a 
time appeared doubtful, Decatur broke his sword near the 
hilt. He seized his enemy's spear, and after a violent strug- 
gle succeeded in throwing him on the deck. The Turk now 
drew from his belt a dirk, and when in the act of striking, 
Decatur caught his arm, drew from his pocket a pistol, and 
shot him through the head. During the continuance of this 
terrible struggle, the crews of each vessel impetuously rushed 
to the assistance of their respective commanders. Such was 
the carnage in this furious and desperate battle, that it was 
with difficulty Decatur could extricate himself from the 
killed and wounded by which he was surrounded. 

In this affair an American sailor, named Reuben James,* 



• The reader may be curious to know more of the character and services 
of this gallant seaman. He is a native of the state of Delaware, and when 
quite a boy devoted himself to the sea. In 1797, he was captured by a 
French privateer, and after his liberation determined to ship, hereafter, in 
men-of-war, by which he hoped to escape for the future, the hardships and 
sufferings to which prisoners are exposed. In accordance with this deter- 
mination, he shipped on board the frigate Constellation, 1799, commanded 
by Commodore Truxtun, and was in both the actions which resulted in the 
capture of the French frigates Insurgente and Vengeance. 

In 1804, he sailed in the frigate United States for the Mediterranean, and 
was a volunteer with Decatur when he burnt the frigate Philadelphia in 
the harbour of Tripoli. He remained under Decatur's command, in the 
desperate actions with the Tripolitan gunboats, on which occasion he per- 
formed the act of noble daring already recorded. 

After five years' absence, he returned across the Atlantic, in a common 
gunboat, with the lamented Captain Lawrence. He rejoined his old favour- 
ite Captain Decatur, and remained with him during the whole of the last 
war. He was in the action which resulted in the capture of the frigate Ma- 
cedonian, and in the severely fought battle between the United States fri- 
gate President, and the British frigate Endymion. In this engagement, he 
received three wounds. He 'was afterwards in the United States frigate 
Guerrier, when she captured the Algerine frigate Messouda, 



110 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

manifested the most heroic self-devotion. Seeing a Tripoli- 
tan officer aiming a blow at Decatur's head, whilst he was 
struggling with his prostrate foe, and which must have 
proved fatal, had not the generous and fearless tar, who 
had been deprived of the use of both his hands, by severe 
wounds, rushed between the sabre and his commander, and 
received the blow on his head, by which his skull was frac- 
tured. 

Since the war, he has been almost constantly cruising in the United 
States vessels in the Mediterranean, West Indies, and Pacific Ocean. To 
use his own phrase, he has seen " tenjighls and as many skrimedges." 

In tlie autumn of 1836, he arrived in Washington, for the yjurpose of ob- 
taining a pension. At tliat lime, he suffered very much from a disease of 
his leg, arising from an old musket ball wound, which caused an extensive 
disease of the bone. In order to save his life, amputation was recommended, 
to wliich he assented with his characteristic indifference to either danger or 
suffering, though he " thought it was not ship-shape to put him under jury 
masts, when in harbour." The day after the amputation, his symptoms 
were so alarming that the old sailor thought that his career was near its ter- 
mination — seemed quite resigned, and begged the surgeon "to ease him off 
handsomely." 

In order to support his strength, stimulants were recommended to him, and 
it was asked wliich he would prefer, brown stout, or brandy toddy, he re- 
plied, " Suppose, doctor, you give us both." Poor Reuben has no disposi- 
tion to join the temperance society at present. 

It is a custom in the navy, to give the sailors on certain anniversaries, an 
extra glass of grog beyond their regular allowance. This veteran felt it his 
duty to celebrate an unusual number of them. Besides the national anniver- 
saries, he always celebrated his own birth-day — that of his favourite commo- 
dore, and those of his " te7i fights and as many skrimedges," In this way, 
he contrived to have many "merry makings." 

This gallant old tar has been in the public service near forty years, and 
has always behaved with the characteristic firmness of a United States sailor. 
He is an incessant talker — well acquainted with the history of the navy — ^ 
knows well the character of all the elder officers — calls them his friends, 
and will allow no one to speak disrespectfully of them. 

Dr. Foltz, of the United States navy, who recently amputated his limb, 
informs me, that he has recovered from the operation, and is now in good 
^health. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. Ill 

The boat commanded by Lieutenant Joseph Bainbridge 
received a shot that carried away her lateen yards, by 
which all his exertions to get alongside of the enemy were 
rendered altogether unavailing. Being within musket shot, 
however, he directed a brisk fire, which did great execution. 
Unable to manage his boat without sails, she grounded near 
the enemy's batteries; but by courage and great exertions, 
she was extricated from her perilous situation. 

Captain Somers being unable to beat to windward, in or- 
der to co-operate with Decatur, bore down with his single 
boat, on the leeward division of the enemy, and attacked 
within pistol shot, five of the Tripolitan vessels. He main- 
tained the action with great spirit until the other division of 
the enemy was defeated, when this also precipitately fled 
within their harbour. 

The enemy's boats again rallied, and attempted to sur- 
round the American gunboats and prizes. This bold enter- 
prise was defeated, however, by the advance of Commodore 
Preble, in the frigate Constitution, which, by a few spirited 
broadsides, effectually covered the retreat of the brave little 
squadron, which had so signally triumphed. The frigate Con- 
stitution, bomb vessels, &c., created great alarm and confu- 
sion in the city, by throwing shot, and shells. The frigate 
was several times within three cables' length of the batt»-* 
ries, and each time silenced those against which her broad- 
sides were directed. These advantages, however, the gal^ 
lant commodore was unable to secure without more assist-^ 
ance, for so soon as he changed his position, the firing re- 
commenced at the points of the fort, from which the men 
had been driven. 

Availing themselves of the land breeze, which commenced 
to blow between four and five in the afternoon, the squad-? 
ron retired from the action. The damage sustained by the 
Americans was quite inconsiderable, w^hen compared with 
the apparent danger to which they were exposed. The loss 



112 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

of the enemy was very great. The three boats captured 
from the Tripohtans contained one hundred and three men, 
of whom forty -seven were killed, and twenty-six wounded. 
Three of their boats were sunk, and the crews buried in the 
waves. A number of guns in the batteries were dismounted, 
the city was considerably injured, and many of the inhabi- 
tants killed. A great proportion of the inhabitants and all 
the foreign consuls fled from the city, with the exception of 
the benevolent Mr. Nissen. So devoted was he to the Ame- 
rican prisoners, that he remained at the risk of his life and 
property, in order that he might contribute to their comfort. 

During one of the attacks, a twenty-four pound shot en- 
tered the window of a small room in the turret, where Mr. 
Nissen but a moment before had been examining the ope- 
rations of the squadron. This shot continues lodged in the 
wall, and was shown to Commodore Decatur in the year 
1815, by another Danish consul. Several shells fell in Mr. 
Nissen's house, during the bombardment, but as they did not 
explode, httle injury was done. 

At the commencement of these operations, the Bashaw 
surveyed the squadron fi'om his palace windows, and affect- 
ed to ridicule any attempt which might be made to injure 
either the batteries or the city. He promised the specta- 
iavs who were on the terraces, that rare sport would be pre- 
sently enjoyed, by observing the triumph of his boats over 
those of the Americans. In a few minutes, however, he be- 
came convinced of his error, and precipitately retreated with 
an humbled and aching heart to his bomb proof chamber. 

On the fifth of August, the wounded Turkish prisoners, 
who had l^en carefully and kindly treated, were placed on 
board a French privateer, and sent to Tripoli. The priso- 
ners informed the Bashaw that " though the Americans in 
battle were fiercer than lions, yet in the treatment of priso- 
ners they were even kinder than Musselmans." The Ba-i 
shaw applauded the humane conduct of Commodore Preble 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 113 

on returning the wounded, and observed, that if any Ameri- 
cans similarly injured should fall into his hands, he would 
treat them with equal kindness. 

The Bashaw now offered terms of adjustment, hut they 
could not be acceded to, in consequence of his extravagant 
demands. Preble determined to quicken his anxiety for 
peace, by renewing his broadsides. Preparations being com- 
pleted for another attack, the action commenced at half-past 
two, P. M., and in two hours the batteries were again si- 
lenced, and much injury was done to the city, by round shot 
and shell;;. The loss which the Americans sustained in this 
affair was a serious one. A small vessel was blown up by 
the passage of a red hot shot through her magazine. There 
were twenty-eight souls on board of her, of whom ten were 
killed, and six v/ounded. The injured, as well as those who 
escaped unhurt, were picked out of the water by the other 
boats. Among the killed was her gallant commander, Lieu- 
tenant James Caldwell. 

On the twenty-seventh of August, the United States squad- 
ron again stood into the harbour, and after directing a rapid 
fire for two hours, silenced the batteries and did much injury 
to the castle. In this attack a twenty-four pound shot pene- 
trate(J the castle, and entered the officers' apartment. The 
ball fell within a foot of Captain Bainbridge's head, and 
threw on him as he lay in bed, at least a ton of stone and 
mortar from the wall. He was severely wounded in the 
ankle by a large stone, and from which he slowly recovered. 

During the last attack of the American squadron, the Tri- 
politan guards fled from their posts on the terrace, behind the 
wall of an adjoining building. This cowardly retreat excited 
the gibes and merriment of the American officers. The guard 
finding that their unmanly attempt to screen themselves from 
danger was discovered by the prisoners, became ungovern- 
ably enraged, threw stones in through the windows, and 
threatened to fire at them. This assault was promptly re- 
15 



114 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

turned with the fragments of stone and mortar which had 
been knocked by the cannon into their apartment. With 
the view of increasing the Bashaw's prejudice against the 
prisoners, it was immediately reported to him that they were 
making an attempt to escape. Sossey, the chief of the slave 
guard, promptly appeared and threatened vengeance unless 
the officers conducted them.selves more submissively. As 
Captain Bainbridge could not descend to enter into explana- 
tions with this scowling Cerberus, he handed him a note to 
Sidi Mohammed Dgheis, and observed, that he was very sure 
that the minister would decide properly on the subject. Cap- 
tain Bainbridge was informed, in the course of a few hours, 
that the guard who first threw stones into the prison, was 
severely bastinadoed, and dismissed from the guard. 

All the damages which the vessels sustained in the action 
of the twenty-seventh being repaired, the Commodore re- 
solved on another attack. Soon after the commencement of 
the action the enemy's galleys gave way; and the American 
gunboats, schooners, and brigs, pursued them within musket 
shot of fort English. Here our little squadron separated, a 
part of it continuing the attack on the Tripolitan boats and 
galleys, the remainder boldly engaged the fort. The two 
bomb ketches threw shells into the town with great eflect, 
but being exposed to a fire from the castle, crown, and mole 
batteries, were threatened with destruction. Their danger 
being discovered by the Commodore, he ran his frigate be- 
tween them and the batteries ; and though he was within 
musket shot of seventy guns which were brought to bear 
upon him from the batteries, yet so rapidly and effectually 
did he discharge his broadsides, that he again drove the ene- 
my from their guns and did great injury to the city. 

The wind now commenced to blow fresh on shore, which 
obliged the Commodore to order all vessels to withdraw un- 
der cover of the Constitution. The American vessels re- 
ceived considerable injury in this engagement, but strange 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 115 

as it may appear, not a man was killed. Failing in the last 
several attacks to capture more of the Tripolitan vessels, in 
consequence of their unwillingness to venture beyond the 
protection of their forts, it was determined by Commodore 
Preble to send in a fire-ship with a view of burning them. 
For this purpose he fitted out the ketch Intrepid, with one 
hundred barrels of gunpowder, and one hundred and fifty 
shells in her hold. Trains were so arranged as not to en- 
danger the ship, — Captain Somers, Lieutenants Wadsworth 
Isreal, and ten men volunteered for the expedition. Two 
fast rowing boats were selected for the purpose of retreat, 
after applying the matches. At eight o'clock in the evening 
on the fourth of September, the Intrepid stood into the har- 
bour under convoy, for some distance, of the Argus, Vixen, 
and Nautilus. When she had nearly reached the point of 
destination, the fire ship was boarded by two hundred Tri- 
politans from two galleys. At this instant an awful explo- 
sion took place, which hurled to destruction, not only Cap- 
tain Somers and his brave companions, but the two hundred 
Turks — not a soul was spared to explain the cause of the 
disaster. The trains may have been ignited by the wads 
which w^ere fired by the enemy, or, as some suppose, on Cap- 
tain Somers perceiving no means of escape, resolved to die, 
and with his own heroic hands fired the vessel. 

On the sixth of September, Captain Bainbridge and seve- 
ral of his officers were permitted to view the dead bodies of 
their self-devoted countrymen, who had perished by the ex- 
plosion. Their features were so mutilated and disfigured 
that none of them could be identified. This circumstance, 
however, did not lessen the poignancy of the grief which 
such a spectacle was calculated to awaken. It was suffi- 
cient to know, that they were brave Americans who made 
themselves a willing sacrifice, to efTect the release of their 
captive brethren. Several of our imprisoned officers were 
allowed the privilege and sad consolation of paying the last 



116 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

melancholy duty to the remains of their unfortunate coun- 
trymen. 

After each of these bold and repeated attacks of the dash- 
ing Preble, the Bashaw renewed his negotiations for peace. 
As might be expected from the injury inflicted by our squad- 
ron, he gradually lessened in the amount of the ransom which 
he demanded. 

The Tripolitan demands being still thought extravagant, 
the United States government sent out a larger squadron, 
under the command of Commodore Samuel Barron, who be- 
ing senior to Commodore Preble, took command of the whole. 
Preble relinquished to his young and distinguished friend 
Captain Decatur the frigate which he commanded, and re- 
turned to the United States, where he was most cordially 
received and honoured wherever he appeared. Before he left 
the squadron, however, an address was presented to him, 
signed by every officer of the squadron, expressive of " the 
very high estimation in which he was held as an officer and 
commander, and regret that he should have been superseded 
in a command in which he had acquired so much honour to 
himself and country." 

Commodore Barron's squadron retired to Syracuse, where 
he was engaged in preparing it for active operations in the 
spring. Arrangements were also making to procure the co- 
operation of the deposed Bashaw of Tripoli, with whatever 
forces he could command and bring into the field. 

The captive sailors being uninformed with regard to these 
movements and preparations, and deeming their liberation 
almost hopeless, planned a method of escape, which they 
found means to communicate to their officers. The sailors 
were to rush in a body into the castle, force open the prison 
doors of the officers, who were to head them in an attack on 
the palace, which forms a part of the castle. The Bashaw 
and his family were to be treated kindly, but secured, and 
the castle was to be retained possession of, until the arrival of 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 117 

some of the American vessels. This enterprise was coun- 
tenanced by Captain Bainbridge and his officers, but the at- 
tempt was defeated by the suspicions of the Bashaw. The 
carpenter, boatswain, sail-maker, and master's mate were in 
consequence taken from among the crew, and lodged with 
the officers. The prisoners were rigidly searched for con- 
cealed arms — the guards without the castle were increased 
in numbers, and an additional force placed at all their out- 
posts ; so that this scheme, like all the previous ones, failed 
of its object through causes beyond the control of the intre- 
pid and almost desperate projectors of them. 

The scene of these brilliant operations on the water with 
a view to procure the liberation of the prisoners, changed 
for the same objects to the land, 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAlNBRIDGE. 119 



CHAPTER VL 



General Eaton forms an acquaintance with Ex-Bashaw of Tripoli — A 
Plan for the Restoration of the deposed Bashaw and the Release of the 
American Prisoners at Tripoli — Eaton seeks Sidi Ha met in Egypt — 
Difficulties he encounters — Traverses the Deserts of Lybia — Orga- 
nizes the Army— Attack on, and Fall of Derne — Consternation in Tri- 
poli — Arrival of Colonel Lear at Tripoli in the Essex — Successful Ne- 
gotiation — Peace — Prisoners released — Noble Gratitude of the Ame- 
rican Sailors — Prisoners sent on board the United States Squadron — • 
Sails for Syracuse — Court of Inquiry — Bainbridge and Officers return 
to the United States — Kindly received — Enters the Merchants' Service 
again — Perilous Situation — Takes the Command of the Portsmouth 
Station — Is appointed to the Command of the Frigate President-— 
Sails for the North of Europe in a Merchant Vessel — Paul Hamilton's 
Letter — Meets Mr. Nisscn at Copenhagan — His Vessel captured and 
restored through the Agency of Mr. Nissen — A set of Plate given 
to Mr, Nissen — St. Petersburg — Returns across the Continent in 
mid-winter — Sir James Ry lie— -Letters to Baron Steinga], Barclay is 
Tolly, Baron Nicholn — Visits Allando, Stockholm, Gotheburg — Peril 
in passing the Orkneys — Arrives at Liverpool — Sails for Boston — 
Reports at Washington^ — Remonstrates against laying up the Ships 
of War — Takes Charge of the Boston Station— War declared — Ap- 
pointed to the Command of the Frigate Constellation— Afterwards to 
the Constitution — Sailed on a Cruise with the Hornet and Essex, for 
the Coast of Brazil. 

When William Eaton, Esq., consul of the United States, 
^-esided at Tunis, he formed an acquaintance with Sidi Ha- 



120 UFE AND SERVICES OP 

met Caramonly, the deposed and exiled Bashaw of Tripoli ; 
whose younger brother, Joseph Caramonly, the reigning Ba- 
shaw, had usurped his regency. A plan was arranged by 
Sidi Hamet, and Mr. Eaton, to restore the former to his 
rightful possession, the details of which were submitted to the 
consideration of the president of the United States. About 
this period the Bey of Tunis manifested a hostile disposition 
to the government of the United States, which induced Mr. 
Eaton to leave the regency and return home. After several 
interviews with the President of the United States, Mr. Ea- 
ton was directed to repair to the Mediterranean, and there 
to make with Commodore Barren proper arrangements to 
carry his plans into operation. On his arrival at Syracuse 
he learned that Sidi Hamet had been driven from Tunis to 
Egypt by the intrigues of his brother. He immediately fol- 
lowed the Ex-Bashaw thither, in the brig Argus, command- 
ed by Captain Hull, in order to make arrangements for their 
projected campaign, which it was hoped would end in his 
being restored to the head of the Tripolitan government, and 
in the liberation of the American prisoners. On Mr. Eaton's 
arrival at Alexandria, he learned that Sidi Hamet was in 
upper Egypt acting with the Mamelukes against the Otto- 
man government. Mr. Eaton with a small escort proceeded 
to Grand Cairo, but owing to the suspicions of the Mame- 
lukes, aggravated by the intrigues of foreign consuls, he did 
not succeed in obtaining the interview which he desired. At 
length, however, by bribes and management he obtained a 
meeting with the Ex-Bashaw at Demanhour, a village about 
eighty miles from Alexandria. 

On the fifth of February, 1805, they concluded an arrange- 
ment, in which it was stipulated that the United States 
should aid in the restoration of Sidi Hamet to the regency of 
Tripoli — and in return all the American prisoners and pro- 
perty were to be released, and the expenses of the United 
States in this expedition should be reimbursed. As Mr. Ea- 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 121 

ton had been an officer in the army of the United States, and 
well instructed in military tactics, it was agreed that he 
should be commander-in-chief of all the forces. 

They commenced their march for Derne and Bengazy, 
through the deserts of Lybia, collected a considerable body 
of recruits in the vicinity of Bomba, a harbour fifty miles 
east of Derne, where the United States sloop Hornet fur- 
nished them with the necessary provisions and munitions 
of war. 

The little army moved westward on the 10th of March, 
and on the 25th of April encamped on the heights of Derne, 
having marched fifty-two days through the desert. Two 
days afterwards the Nautilus, Captain Dent, Hornet, Lieu- 
tenant Evans, all under the command of Captain Hull, of the 
Argus, appeared off the harbour, when a simultaneous at- 
tack was made by the land and naval forces, which even- 
tuated in the capture of this city. On the 10th of June, the 
enemy rallied and made an irregular attack on the town, 
but were promptly repulsed. 

A knowledge of these events, and the expected attack of 
the United States squadron lying at Syracuse, caused great 
consternation throughout Tripoli, and stimulated the Bashaw 
to place the city and harbour in an improved state of de- 
fence. New fortifications were erected, old ones repaired, 
and a large military force collected to garrison the works. 

In the midst of this excitement the United States frigate 
Essex, Captain James Barron, appeared off the harbour with 
a flag of truce, having on board Colonel Lear, the United 
States consul general for the Barbary powers, with the ap- 
pointment of commissioner to negotiate a treaty of peace. 
The next day Commodore Rodgers arrived with the frigates 
Constitution, Constellation, and a few smaller vessels. An at- 
tempt was now made to open a negotiation, for which purpose 
the Spanish consul was appointed the agent of the Bashaw, 
and was directed to hold the conference on board the frigate 
16 



122 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

Constitution. This consul's enmity to the United States had 
been manifested on several occasions, and therefore Captain 
Bainbridge was anxious to apprize Commodore Rodgers and 
Colonel Lear of his true character. Believing that the Tri- 
politan minister of foreign affairs was anxious for the resto- 
ration of peace, it was proposed to him to allow Captain 
Bainbridge to visit the Constitution frigate in order to have 
an interview v/ith the American negotiators on the subject 
of peace. The minister having little confidence in the Spa- 
nish consul's disposition to conclude a treaty, readily ad- 
mitted the propriety of the measure, but expressed strong 
doubts whether the Bashaw would consent to the proposal. 
He promised, however, to submit the proposition to the re- 
gent, provided Captain Bainbridge would obtain the pledge 
of his fellow prisoners for his safe return. They accordingly 
drafted a document pledging their lives that their comman- 
der would act in strict conformity with the permission he 
might receive, and return in due time to prison. If he failed 
in thus acting, they expressed a willingness to submit to any 
punishment which the Bashaw might think proper to inflict. 
On the minister's making the proposition to the Bashaw, he 
exclaimed, "Are you so mad as to believe that Captain Bain- 
bridge will return after getting on board a vessel of his own 
nation, simply, because he has made a declaration to that 
effect ?" He added, that he valued Captain Bainbridge as a 
prisoner more than all his officers, and did not therefore 
place a high value on their pledge. From long association 
with Christian officers in different parts of Europe, Sidi Mo- 
hammed Dgheis well knew that the pledge of a parole of ho- 
nour was seldom if ever broken. Having contracted a friend- 
ship for Captain Bainbridge, and having, besides, the fullest 
confidence in his honour, he observed, with great feeling to 
the Bashaw, "You know that I am a Tripolitan by birth — 
that all my affections are for my own country, and that I 
would propose no measure by which it would be injured. 



COMiMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 123 

Grant Bainbridge's request, and I will leave my son in your 
castle; and in the event of his not returning according to 
promise, take off the head of him, whose life I value more 
than my own." 

With these pledges the Bashaw yielded the desired per- 
mission, though such a privilege was unprecedented in the 
annals of Barbary. The whole affair appeared so incom- 
prehensible to Tripolitans, that few of them could believe 
that Captain Bainbridge would ever return. Even the Ba- 
shaw could scarcely persuade himself that any Christian 
would thus keep his word and return to captivity. 

On the first of June, 1805, Captain Bainbridge left Tri- 
poli, and spent the dtiy with the officers of the squadron. In 
the evening he returned with slender hopes for the success 
of the negotiation. He waited on his good friend Sidi Mo- 
hammed Dgheis, who proceeded with him direct to the pa- 
lace. It being late at night before he reached the shore, the 
Bashaw expressed surprise at seeing him, for he had relin- 
quished all hope of his return, and had severely rebuked his 
minister for inducing him to place the least reliance on the 
word of a "Christian dog." 

Captain Bainbridge reported to the Bashaw the terms on 
which the government of the United States proposed to treat, 
but which he at once rejected. A special divan was, how- 
ever, called the next day, and after deliberation Mr. Nissen, 
the Danish consul, was selected to renew the negotiation, and 
for this purpose went on board the United States frigate 
Constitution, to confer with Commodore Rodgers and Colo- 
nel Lear, who agreed on the basis of a treaty. 

On the third of June, a council was convened by order of 
the Bashaw to consider the items of the treaty, and to de- 
cide whether it should be rejected or ratified. Captain Bain- 
bridge and Mr. Nissen were invited to be present during the 
discussion. They were conducted into the splendid divan 



124 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

chamber, where the members of the council were arranged 
in the form of a crescent, the prime minister being on the 
right, and the minister of foreign affairs on the left of the 
regent. After inviting the two guests to be seated, the Ba- 
shaw remarked to Captain Bainbridge that if he were ac- 
quainted with the French language, he would be able to un- 
derstand the debates on the subject of the treaty. In thus 
admitting you into my private divan, you have received an 
honour never before conferred on a prisoner in Barbary. The 
Bashaw, who presided with commanding dignity, submitted 
the question of "peace or war with the United States." 
Without taking the question, it was soon discovered that six 
of the council were in favour of rejecting the treaty, while 
two, Sidi Mohammed Dgheis, and the Rais of Marine were 
in favour of its acceptation. Each addressed his sovereign 
with decorum and eloquence, and after the debate had con- 
tinued some time, two of the members changed their opi- 
nions, in favour of peace, when of course they became equally 
divided. 

The Bashaw now remarked, " Four of you are for peace, 
and four for war; which party am I to satisfy? — how shall 
I act." Sidi Mohammed Dgheis suddenly rose before the Ba- 
shaw had time to express his ultimatum, and observed to 
him, " You are our prince and master — you have not called 
us here to dictate to you, but to hear our opinions. It re- 
mains now for you to act as you please; but let me entreat 
you, for your own interest, and the happiness of your peo- 
ple, to make peace." — So soon as the minister became seated, 
the Bashaw immediately drew a signet from his bosom, and 
pressing it upon the treaty, exclaimed — " // is peaceJ" 

The ratified treaty which Mr. Nissen had so successfully 
negotiated, was again placed in his hands by the Bashaw, 
with directions to carry it on board the frigate Constitution, 
after which the customary salute of peace took place — 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 125 

twenty-one guns were fired from the Tripolitan castle, 
which was promptly returned from the United States flag- 
ship. The terms were as follows : " That there should be 
an exchange of prisoners, man for man, so far as they would 
go: that the Bashaw should send all the Americans in his 
power on board the squadron off' Tripoli, that his subjects 
should be brought over from Syracuse and delivered to him, 
with all convenient speed; and as he had three hundred 
Americans, more or less, and the United States squadron 
one hundred Tripolitans, more or less, the American com- 
missioners engaged to give, for the balance in the Bashaw's 
favour, $60,000; and that a treaty of peace should be made 
on honourable and mutually beneficial terms." 

Commodore Rodgers, Colonel Lear, and a number of other 
officers belonging to the American squadron, landed the 
same evening for the purpose of visiting the released officers, 
and to congratulate them on their emancipation. The pri- 
soners embarked the next day, and were distributed aftiong 
the different vessels of the squadron; and in a few days de- 
parted with light hearts and buoyant spirits from the coast 
of Barbary. 

After a painful captivity of upwards of nineteen months, 
the officers and men were restored to liberty, and if not at 
once to their own country, at least to a theatre, the decks 
of United States men-of-war, where their nation's honour has 
been always gallantly and successfully sustained. 

These events necessarily put an end to the operations of 
General Eaton and Sidi Hamet Caramonly. Whether they 
would have succeeded in their designs is extremely proble- 
matical, as no great reliance could be placed on the tumul- 
tuous and undisciplined horde which constituted the great 
body of their force. Both Sidi Hamet and General Eaton 
considered themselves ungenerously treated in this transac- 
tion, and I think few will be disposed to entirely acquit our 



126 LIFE AND SERVICES OP , 

government of all blame. After encountering so many hard- 
ships and dangers they should at least have been consulted 
before a treaty of peace was negotiated. The government 
of the United States, however, were not unmindful of the 
interests of the Ex-Bashaw during the negotiation. A com- 
plete amnesty, and a suitable provision for life, was insisted 
on, c.rA obtained from the reigning Bashaw. 

During the captivity of our countrymen, and some months 
previously to the conclusion of the treaty of peace, the im- 
prisoned sailors and marines informed Captain Bainbridge by 
letter, that one of their keepers, a Neapolitan, had treated 
them with great humanity and kindness, and that they were 
desirous of reciprocating the favours which he had so gene- 
rously bestowed upon them. This keeper being a slave, and 
anxious, like themselves, to be liberated, they requested their 
commander to authorize the purser to advance, from the pay 
then due to them, the sum of seven hundred dollars, the 
amount demanded for his freedom. So soon as they were 
informed that peace was concluded, their application was 
renewed, and, in obedience to their wishes, the money ad- 
vanced them by the purser ; the benevolent slave was re- 
deemed from bondage, and conveyed in safety to his native 
country, in one of our national vessels. When our sailors 
and their freedman separated at Naples, a poignancy of feel- 
ing was exhibited, which would have done honour to those 
who move in more elevated walks in life, and who pretend 
'to more refinement of sentiment. 

The squadron having arrived at Syracuse, a court of in- 
quiry was ordered on Commodore Bainbridge, by the secre- 
tary of the navy, to investigate the circumstances connected 
with the loss of the frigate Philadelphia. It is scarcely ne- 
cessary to add, that the court most honourably acquitted 
him. 

Captain Bainbridge and his officers soon returned to the 
iTnited States, and landed at Hampton, in Virginia. They 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 127 

passed through Richmond and Fredericksburg,* on their 
way to Washington, and were received with every naark of 
kindness, and pubHcly entertained in each of those cities. 
Respect for their gallantry, and sympathy for their past suf- 
fering were every where expressed by our most distin- 
guished citizens. 

So soon as Captain Bainbridge arrived in Washington, he 
officially informed the secretary of the navy, and the Presi- 
dent of the United States, of the full extent of his obligations 
to the benevolent Danish consul, Mr. Nissen. This informa- 
tion was laid before Congress, after which, the following re- 
solution was adopted : — 

" Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America, in Congress assembled, That the 
President of the United States be requested to cause to be 
made known to JVicholas C. Nissen, Esq., his Danish Majes- 



* When the citizens of Freclericksburg- heard of the approach of Captain 
Bainbridge and his officers, towards that place, a military and civic proces- 
sion was promptly formed, under the command of Colonel Hugh Mercer, 
which conducted him into the town. 

His reception is well described in the following extract from a recent let- 
ter, from Colonel Mercer to the writer. 

« \Ye gave our departed friend a welcome to his native shores, which po- 
tentates might have envied. Such was the enthusiastic welcome which 
was manifested by our citizens, that he was completely overcome, and could 
not refrain from shedding tears as he returned their salutations. 

" The next day, the compliment of a public dinner was given to him, 
(notwithstanding his wish to decline it,) and was numerously attended by 
the gentlemen of this place, and the country adjacent. Among the guests, 
we had Colonel Washington, the hereof the Cow-Pens, and the much dread- 
ed foe of Tarlton. Never on any occasion, either before or since, except at 
the reception we gave General La Fayette, when he was the nation's guest, 
and for which there was a preparation of several weeks, have I witnessed 
such interesting and joyous scenes in our little town. My intercourse 
with Bainbridge, on that occasion, formed the basis of a sincere friendship, 
which continued fresh and vigorous until the day of his death." 



128 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

ty's consul, residing at Tripoli, the high sense entertained 
by Congress, of his disinterested and benevolent attentions, 
manifested to Captain Bainbridge, his officers and crew, 
during the time of their captivity in Tripoli." 

[Approved 10th April, 180G.] 

After Captain Bainbridge had passed a few months with 
his family, he was appointed by the secretary of the navy 
to the command of the navy yard in New York, Finding 
his pecuniary concerns somewhat embarrassed, arising from 
neglect during his long captivity, he was influenced by con- 
siderations of duty to his family to obtain a furlough for the 
purpose of engaging, for a time, in the merchant service ; 
the situation of the country not requiring his services. 

He accordingly sailed in the brig Minerva, for Havanna, 
as commander and part owner, by which he made a pros- 
perous voyage. On his return home, however, he met with 
an accident, by which he had nearly lost his life. Near the 
Bahama bank, he met his old friend, Captain Hays, of Phi- 
ladelphia, on an outward voyage, to whom he paid a short 
visit. When the boat returned alongside the Minerva, he 
placed his foot on the gunwale with the design of springing 
into the main channels, but, at that moment, a sea struck 
the boat, by which he was thrown between her and the 
ship. Unacquainted with the art of swimming, he imme- 
diately sunk, but rose again at the stern of the ship. The 
mate promptly directed the vessel to be hove to, seized the 
main brace, and attempted to jump overboard with it, in 
order to place it in the hands of his commander, but his feet 
became entangled in it, so that he did not reach the water. 
Captain Bainbridge again sunk, some distance from the ship, 
but was collected, and had still confidence that he would be 
rescued. With a view of affording him every possible 
chance of saving himself, various articles were thrown near 
him, with an expectation that he would seize them, and 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGK. 1'29 

thus buoy himself up, until a boat might reach him. With 
every possible exertion, however, he could not reach any of 
them, sunk a third time, and was now considered irretrieva- 
bly lost. While slowly descending, at some distance from 
the surface, he saw the deep sea lead-line floating near him, 
which, by making great efforts with his hands and feet, he 
reached, and by making a few turns of the line around his 
arm, succeeded in drawing hiinself to the surface of the wa- 
ter, when the men in the boat, which were sent to his assist- 
ance, snatched him from a watery grave. 

He w^as lifted from the boat into his vessel in a state of 
extreme exhaustion. He now learned that his mulatto ser- 
vant Will had been the means of saving his life. Hearing 
the exclamation that Captain Bainbridge had fallen over- 
board, he ran on deck, and seeing his master struggling in 
the waves, he instantly veered out the lead-line to its full 
extent. He was thus miraculously rescued from impending 
death, at the awful moment when hope itself was aban- 
doned 

He continued in the merchant service until March, 1808, 
and then was appointed to the Portland station, which had 
become vacant by the lamented death of his gallant friend 
Commodore Preble. The gunboats which had been build- 
ing at that station were completed under his superinten- 
dence, and equipped for active service. His frank and gen- 
tleman-like deportment, conciliated many warm friends, and 
when he was ordered on other duty at a distant station, it 
excited universal regret. 

In consequence of our difficulties with England, arising out 
of the spoliations committed by her on our commerce — the im- 
pressment of our seamen — the unprovoked attack on the 
United States frigate Chesapeake — the disavowal of Er- 
shine's arrangement — and the unsatisfactory missions of the 
British ministers Rose and Jackson, confident expectations 
were entertained that the government of the United State/: 
17 



130 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

would declare war against that power. Anticipating such 
an event, our best officers were ordered on active duty. In 
accordance with this determination, Bainbridge was ap- 
pointed, in December, 1808, to command the frigate Presi- 
dent, then lying at Washington. After superintending her 
repairs and equipment he sailed in July, 1809, on a cruise 
along our coast until May, 1810. He thus kept at sea during 
a long and boisterous winter, in order to prepare his crew 
for the exigency of war. 

Not realizing his expectations with regard to hostilities 
with Great Britain, he was induced to accept an advantage- 
ous offer made to him by his commercial friends in Phila- 
delphia. He therefore solicited a furlough from the govern- 
ment, which was granted, accompanied by the subjoined hand- 
some letter from Paul Hamilton, Esq., then secretary of the 
navy. 

" Your letter of the third instant, wherein you resign the 
command of the frigate President, for the purpose of making 
a voyage in the merchant service has been received, and has 
very much excited my sensibility; as the ability and zeal 
with which for many years you have served our country, 
cannot fail to cause me great regret at parting with you even 
for a time. 

That you have made great sacrifices to patriotism, I well 
know, and it is only by combining this consideration with the 
motives on which your request is founded, that I am enabled 
to comply with your wishes. 

" In whatever situation you may be placed, and at all 
times, be assured your prosperity and honour will be ex- 
tremely dear to me; and while I shall anxiously wish for 
your return, at the earliest moment your scheme will admit, 
I present you my sincere wishes for complete success in it. 

"You are at liberty, on receipt of this, to quit the frigate; 
in which case Lieutenant Morris will proceed to Hampton- 
roads, there anchor, and wait further orders." 

As soon as the merchant vessel was equipped and loaded. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 131 

Captain Bainbridge proceeded on a voyage to St. Petersburg. 
Nothing of interest occurred until he passed the sound into 
the Baltic, when he was captured by a Danish privateer and 
carried into Copenhagen. He had not anchored in the har- 
bour more than half an hour, when Mr. Nissen, the zealous 
friend of the American prisoners in Tripoli, called on him 
and again tendered his services, with his characteristic kind- 
ness and sincerity. Never so happy as when in the exercise 
of disinterested benevolence, Mr. Nissen directed all his in- 
terest and energy to obtain the release of Captain Bain- 
bridge's vessel. His generous efforts were crowned with com- 
plete success — the ship was released, and Captain Bainbridge 
was permitted to proceed on his voyage to St. Petersburg. 

The first interview between Mr. Nissen at Copenhagen 
was rendered more interesting by a strange coincidence of 
circumstances. At the very juncture when Mr. Nissen heard 
that his old Barbary friend had been brought into port, he 
was engaged in unpacking the silver urn, which was pre- 
sented to him by the American prisoners, to whose comfort 
he had so largely contributed. As the urn had been manu- 
factured in England, and as war had subsisted between that 
country and the northern powers of Europe, intercourse was 
in some degree suspended, to which must be attributed the 
delay in the reception of this testimony of the ofHcers' grati- 
tude to their benefactor. 

Captain Bainbridge made a second voyage to St. Peters- 
burg, in the autumn of 1811. Intrusted with an important 
mercantile negotiation, he had made arrangements to remain 
in the Russian capital until the next spring. His letters from 
the United States had informed him, however, that an ac- 
tion had taken place between the United States frigate Pre- 
sident, and his Britannic majesty's frigate Little Belt, which, 
added to other causes of irritation, might lead to a war be- 
tween these governments. Unwilling to be absent from his 
post in the hour of danger, he determined to surmount all 



132 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

difficulties, and return so as to report himself personally at 
Washington. The Baltic being frozen over, the only route 
was over land through Sweden to Gotheburg, a distance of 
nearly eleven hundred miles. A journey of this kind during 
the inclemency of winter is considered so perilous, that to a 
mind less energetic, the enterprise would have been fright- 
ful indeed. 

Previousl}^ to his departure from St. Petersburg, he waited 
on the honourable John Q,uincy Adams, resident minister 
from the United States at that court, and acquainted him 
with his determination. A courier's pass was obtained for 
him by aur minister, who commissioned him as bearer of de- 
spatches to our minister at the court of St. James, whence 
he intended to return in a merchant vessel to the United 
States. 

During Captain Bainbridge's residence at St. Petersburg 
he formed an intimate acquaintance with Doctor Jacques Wy- 
lie, the private physician, as well as the intimate and confi- 
dential friend of the Emperor Alexander. These connexions 
necessarily gave him great influence at court. To remove 
all obstacles, and to procure every facility in his journey, he 
was placed under the protection of the Russian government, 
by Count Romanskoif, the premier, appointing him bearer 
of despatches to Baron Nicholn, minister plenipotentiary of 
his imperial majesty at the court of Sweden. He also ob- 
tained letters for Captain Bainbridge to General Steingal, 
Governor and Captain General of Finland ; and to Barclay 
de Tolly, adjutant general of the Russian army, and gover- 
nor of the islands of Alands in the gulf of Bothnia. The 
young Barclay de Tolly, who was the pupil of Dr. Wylie, 
also gave Captain. Bainbridge a very warm letter to his fa- 
ther. 

Thus protected he proceeded on his journey, and was ac- 
companied as far as the frontiers of Sweden by a Russian 
commissioned officer. The journey was tedious, arising from 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGK. 133 

the wretched condition of the roads. There were no public 
houses of entertainment on the way, which compelled him 
to travel night and day, to sleep in his carriage, and to allay 
his hunger by such provision as he could carry with him* 
When he arrived at Abo, situated on the gulf of Bothnia, 
the ice prevented him from proceeding by water to Stock- 
holm direct, which is the usual route. Intent on his purposes, 
however, he resolved to hazard an attempt to cross a dan- 
gerous ferry to Alands, and thence over the island in a four- 
wheeled carriage, though it was said, that such an effort was 
never before made in an inclement season. As the distance 
to the island was twenty miles, it was necessary to take the 
vehicle to pieces and send it over in several boats. In cross- 
ing the strait he was exposed to great suffering from the in- 
tensity of the cold, and great danger from the floating masses 
of ice which obstructed the passage of the boats. After 
reaching the principal island, he learned with great regret 
that Barclay de Tolly had left his station that morning by 
order of the emperor to repair with despatch to St. Peters- 
burg in order to make the necessary arrangements for open- 
ing the campaign early in the spring, against the Emperor 
JXapoleon. The Russian officers, however, treated him with 
great courtesy and hospitality, and insisted on his remaining 
with them in order that he might recruit from his fatigue. 

Being now refreshed he departed for Stockholm, where he 
received many civilities from Baron Nicholn the Russian mi- 
nister, and from the highest military officers of that capital. 
Whilst pursuing his journey to Gotheburg, he was driven, 
through the carelessness of the driver, over a precipice of 
thirty feet. The coachman and one of his horses were in- 
stantly killed — the carriage dashed to pieces, and Captain 
Bainbridge severely bruised. In consequence of the injury 
he had received, it was with difficulty he could reach the 
next port. His persevering spirit, however, enabled him to 
surmount every inconvenience resulting from inclement wea- 



134 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

ther, mountainous roads, and wretched accommodations. He 
arriv^ed at Gotheburg, on December 20th, and on the 31st of 
the same month, sailed in company with a number of En- 
ghsh men of war. 

The day after leaving Gotheburg, the vessels encountered 
a violent gale, in which a British three decker and a frigate 
were lost on the coast of Jutland. The vessel in which Cap- 
tain Bainbridge was a passenger would have experienced the 
same fate had he not, by the most earnest solicitations, per- 
suaded the commander to steer for the coast of Norway. 
The captain yielded, though with evident reluctance, be- 
lieving that the experience of the British ofiiccrs, whose ves- 
sels were then standing to the opposite coast, rendered them 
the better guides. This incident alone would establish the 
superiority of the judgment of Captain Bainbridge, even if 
it had not been signally and gloriously confirmed by the events 
of the subsequent year. 

On the thirteenth of January, 1812, the vessel was again 
in great peril, and would have been lost, in passing through 
the channel between the Orkneys and Shetland.^ islands, had 
he not boldly and promptly countermanded an order of the 
captain of the vessel, given under feelings of great alarm oc- 
casioned by observing breakers. Captain Bainbridge's fel- 
low passengers never afterwards met him without express- 
ing their thanks to him for having saved their lives by his 
energy and presence of mind, at a moment of appalling dan- 
ger. He arrived safely at last in .Liverpool, carried his de- 
spatches to our minister in London, again immediately re- 
turned, took passage in a vessel about to sail for Boston, 
where he arrived early in February — proceeded direct to 
Washington, and reported himself ready for active service. 

After remaining in Washington a few weeks, during the 
deliberation of Congress on the svibject of a declaration of 
war against Great Britain, he was ordered to the command 
of the navy yard at Charlestowq, Massachussetts. Before 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGB. 135 

leaving the seat of government, he learned with infinite re- 
gret and mortification, that in a caljinet council it icus deler- 
miiied, that our xesf^els of u-ar should be placed in ordinary! ! as 
it was deemed unwise to jeopard our few frigates and sloops 
of war in a contest with the gigantic navy of our enemy. 
Captain Bainbridge consulted Captain Charles Stewart, who 
was also then in Washington, on the propriety of remon- 
strating against this measure. They accordingly drew up a 
letter to the secretary of the navy, which both signed, stating 
in forcible language, that such a course would have a most 
chilling and unhappy effect on the spirit of our officers. The 
efTect on the people of the United States would be an unwil- 
lingness hereafter to support the expense of a navy which 
had been thus pronounced useless during a period of national 
peril. They further stated, that our vessels, by sailing singly, 
might materially injure the commerce of the enemy, and that 
in any conflict with an equal force, they were very sure the 
result would redound to the honour of our navy. If we were 
even to lose some of our vessels of war, it would be better 
to do so, than that they should be ingloriously laid up in har- 
bour, while other branches of the service were gallantly con- 
tending in the field. From the high discipline of our navy, 
and from the eagerness of our officers and crews for the con- 
test, they felt perfectly assured that if our vessels did not 
prove invariably triumphant, they would certainly never dis- 
grace themselves or the nation. This letter had its efl^ect — 
our men of war were permitted to cruise, and the result has 
shown the truth of their predictions. 

Commodore Stewart happened to be in the navy depart- 
ment at Washington, when Midshipman Hamilton arrived as 
bearer of despatches from Commodore Decatur, command- 
ing the frigate United States, with the flag of the Macedo- 
nian, which he had captured. 

After the usual congratulations occasioned by the news of 



136 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

the third victory, gained in a few months over the enemy, 
Mr. Hamilton, then secretary of the navy, remarked, " We are 
indebted to Bainbridge and yourself for these flags and vic- 
tories. Had it not been for your strong remonstrance, not a 
vessel of war belonging to the government would have left 
its anchorage." 

Having gained this important point, which otherwise would 
have proved fatal to the interest of the navy, he departed 
for Boston, to take command of the navy yard on the Charles- 
town station. Until that period the yard had been so much 
neglected, that there was not a single convenience for either 
building, repairing, or for laying up vessels in ordinary. It 
possessed, indeed, but few of the necessary appendages of a 
navy yard. 

Captain Bainbridge proceeded at once to examine and 
sound the harbour and channels, which led him to the con- 
viction that the site combined great advantages for a per- 
manent naval establishment. The harbour was never closed 
l)y ice — it could be at all times safely navigated, and It could 
never be effectually blockaded by an enemy. Experience 
confirmed the truth of his statement; for during the whole 
war, both national and merchant vessels went to sea, when- 
ever they found It convenient, and without exposing them- 
selves to great risk. 

Captain Bainbridge made frequent communications to go- 
vernment, In which he detailed the complete security which 
our commerce would receive from an extensive naval esta- 
blishment at Charlestown. The distance of the yard from 
the sea, precluding the possibility of surprise, and the chan- 
nel being commanded by forts Independence and Warren, 
would render It impossible for any armament to advance 
within gun shot of the town, without being demolished. 

Though the government was originally opposed to the 
Gommodore's views on this point, yet such was his unabating 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 137 

zeal and perseverance, and such the force of his arguments 
in favour of a scheme which he deemed vitally important to 
the interests of the nation, that the president of the United 
States was at length persuaded to authorize an expenditure 
for improvements. 

While he was superintending these operations, war was 
declared on the eighteenth of June, 1812, by the United 
States against Great Britain. Adventurous in disposition, it 
was not to be supposed that he would be satisfied with a 
command on shore, when danger and glory could be courted 
on the ocean. He, therefore, solicited that he might be ap- 
pointed to the command of a frigate. In conformity with 
his wishes, he was ordered to the command of the Constel- 
lation, and directed to proceed to Washington, and to fit her 
out with all possible despatch. The order was promptly 
obeyed; and after directing the necessary repairs, and 
making such arrangements as were proper to facilitate their 
completion, he returned to Charlestown to make provision 
for his family during his absence on a cruise. 

He had not returned more than a few days, when the 
frigate Constitution arrived in Boston harbour after a splen- 
did victory obtained over the British frigate Guerrier. 
Captain Hull, her gallant commander, applied for leave of 
absence, in order to attend to some private concerns which 
imperiously demanded his attention. Captain Bainbridge be- 
ing informed of this determination, immediately applied to 
be transferred to that frigate. The secretary of the navy 
cheerfully acceded to this request, and placed, besides, a 
small squadron under his command, consisting of the frigate 
Essex, commanded by Captain David Porter, and the sloop 
of war Hornet, under the command of Captain James Law- 
rence. His broad pendant was hoisted on board the Con- 
stitution, on the fifteenth day of September, 1812. 

Commodore Bainbridge transmitted orders to Captain Por- 
ter, whose vessel was then lying in the Delaware, for his 
18 



138 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

government during the cruise. He directed that the Essex 
should sail direct for the Cape de Verd Islands — stop at 
Port Pray, a bay in the island of St. Jago, and from thence 
proceed to the island of Fernando Noronha, where he might 
obtain water and refreshments. If the Essex should not 
form a junction with the Constitution and Hornet, at the 
port last mentioned, he directed Captain Porter to touch at 
the island of St. Catherine, early in February, where he 
should remain until the fifteenth, thence proceed to St. He- 
lena, and cruise to the southward of it until the first of April, 
for the purpose of intercepting the homeward bound British 
East India ships. 

In the event of the desired junction being found impracti- 
cable. Captain Porter was directed to act in conformity with 
his own judgment, and to use every effort to annoy the ene- 
my's commerce. 

On the twenty-sixth of October, the Constitution and 
Hornet sailed from Boston on their destined cruise. In De- 
cember, the little squadron touched at Fernando Noronha, 
as well to obtain water and fresh provisions, as to meet the 
frigate Essex, as this was one of the places assigned as a 
rendezvous. This island lies north-east of Cape St. Roque, 
which is the most eastern part of the Brazil coast. It is the 
Botany Bay of the Portuguese territories, and, as might be 
expected, its population consists of a few miserable pro- 
scripts, under the surveillance of a scarcely less miserable 
guard. 

The island produces the choicest fruits and vegetables, and 
abounds in wild hogs, goats, cattle; and the waters produce 
an excellent variety of fish. Females are entirely excluded 
from the island, in order that the period of exile may be 
rendered more tedious and annoying. To prevent desertion, 
boats are not permitted to be kept on the island. 

While the Constitution and Hornet were off Fernando 
Noronha, a dependency of Portugal in the interest of the 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 139 

enemy, they wore the flag of Great Britain, and were 
reported to the governor as his Britannic Majesty's ships 
x\casta, of forty-four guns, and the Morgianna, of twenty 
guns. 

The commodore made an effort to obtain a supply of wa- 
ter, but such was the distance from the point where the 
water was obtained to where the ships were anchored, that 
it was impracticable to accomplish it within any reasonable 
time. The commodore, therefore, left the island, first 
placing in the hands of the governor a letter for Captain 
Porter, addressed to Sir James Yeo. This plan of commu- 
nicating with each other, had been arranged previously to 
sailing. 

" My DEAR Mediterranean Friend, 

" Probably you may stop here, but do not attempt to 
water, as it is attended with too much difficulty. I learned 
before I left England, that you intended to apply for a sta- 
tion on the Brazil coast, and that you would probably cruise 
from St. Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. I should be happy to 
meet and converse on old affairs of captivity. Recollect 
our secret of former times. 

" Your friend of his Majesty's 
" ship Acasta, 

" KERR." 

" To Sir James Yeo, i 

« H. B. M. ship Southampton." \ 

To this was subjoined the following remarks, written with 
sympathetic ink. " I am bound off" St. Salvador, thence ofT 
Cape Trio, where I intend to cruise until the first of Janua- 
ry. Go off" Cape Trio, to the northward of Rio de Janeiro, 
and keep a look out for me. 

" Your Friend." 



LIFE AJfD SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAfNBRIDGE. 141 



CHAPTER VII. 



Constitution and Hornet arrive off St. Salvador — Bonne Citoyenne ly- 
ing in Harbour — The Challange — The Refusal— Hostility of the Go- 
vernor of Bahia — His Partiality to the British Nation — Action with 
the Frigate Java — Official Letter — Bainbridge wounded — Heroic Con- 
duct of John Cheever — The Dream — Returns to St. Salvador — Pri- 
soners on Parole of Honour — Returns the Sword of Captain Lambert — 
General Hislop's Correspondence — Death of Captain Lambert — Or- 
ders to Captain Lawrence — Montague Seventy-four raises the Block- 
ade of the Bonne Citoyenne — Capture of the British Brig Peacock 
by the Hornet. 



The Constitution and Hornet arrived off St. Salvador on 
the 13th of December, 1812. Captain Lawrence was di- 
rected to enter this harbour with the view of consulting 
Henry Hill, Esq., the United States consul, in relation to the 
disposition of the government of Brazil, towards the United 
States — whether there were any British cruisers on the 
coast — whether British merchantmen stopped at this port, 
from the East Indies, &c. &c. After receiving satisfactory an- 
swers to these questions. Captain Lawrence hastened his re- 
turn, and with a joyous heart informed Commodore Bain- 



142 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

bridge, that the British sloop of war Bojme Citoyc?i?ie, was 
Iving at anchor in the harbour — that she was ladened with 
a large amount of specie, and was ahout to sail direct for 
England. He expressed a confidence in his ability to cap- 
ture the ship, and hoped the commodore would make such 
arrangements as would invite her commander to leave the 
port. 

Highly appreciating the talents and determined bravery 
of Captain Lawrence, and the gallant officers and crew of 
the Hornet, and not doubting their ability to triumph over 
the Bonne Citoyenne, the commodore left the coast for a few 
days, in order that the hostile vessels might have a conflict 
under circumstances of perfect equality. As soon as the fri- 
gate Constitution had left the coast. Captain Lawrence sent 
the following communication to Consul Hill. 

" When I last saw you I stated my wishes to meet the 
Bonne Citoyenne, and authoriized you to make them known 
to Captain Green. I now request you to state to him, and 
pledge my honour, that neither the Constitution, nor any 
other American vessel shall interfere." 

Consul Hill wrote to the British consul, and communicated 
through him Captain Lawrence's challenge to Captain Green, 
and informed him that Commodore Bainbridge, of the Con- 
stitution frigate, confirmed to him the assurance of Captain 
Lawrence in these words : " If Captain Gree?i wishes to try 
equal force, I pledge my honour to give him a7i opportunity by 
being out of the way, or not i?itcfering.'^ 

This direct and manly offer to meet in equal combat 
was declined on the part of the British commander. 
The following letter from Frederick Landerman, Esq., the 
British consul, contains Captain Green's very prudent 
reply. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 143 

" Fort de St. Pedro, Dec. 29th, 1812. 

"Sra, 

" I transmitted your letter to me of yesterday to Cap- 
tain P. B. Green, to whom the substance is directed; and 
having his reply, I herewith insert it, verbatim. 

" I hasten to acknowledge the favour of your communica- 
tion made to me, this day, from Mr. Hill, consul of the 
United States of America, on the subject of a challenge, 
stated to have been offered through Mr. Hill, by Captain 
Lawrence, of the United States sloop of war, the Hornet, 
to myself as commander of his Britannic Majesty's ship, the 
Bonne Citoyenne, anchored in this port, pledging his honour, 
as well as that of Commodore Bainbridge, that no advan- 
tage shall be taken by the Constitution, or any other Ame- 
rican vessel whatever, on the occasion. 

" I am convinced, sir, if such a rencontre were to take 
place, the result could not remain long dubious, and would 
terminate favourably to the ship which I have the honour 
to command; but I am equally convinced, that Commodore 
Bainbridge, could not reserve so much from the paramount 
duty which he owes to his country, as to become an inaCf 
tive spectator, and see a ship belonging to the very squad- 
ron under his orders fall into the hands of an enemy: this 
reason operates powerfully on my mind, for exposing the 
Bonne Citoyenne to a risk upon terms so manifestly disad- 
vantageous, as those proposed by Commodore Bainbridge; 
indeed, nothing could give me a greater satisfaction than com- 
plying with the wishes of Captain Lawrence ; and I earnestly 
hope, that chance will alford him an opportunity of meeting 
the Bonne Citoyenne under different circumstances, to enable 
him to distinguish himself in the manner he is so desirous of 
doing. I further assure you, that my ship will, at all times, 
be prepared, wherever she may be, to repel any attacks 



144 LIFE AND SERVICES OP 

made against her, and I shall also act offensively whenever 
I judge it proper to do so." 

" I am, &.C. &c. 
<' P. B. GREEN." 

Though caution is sometimes commendable, yet when 
carried so far as was exhibited in this instance, by Captain 
Green, betrays, to say the least, a want of confidence in him- 
self. His reply, besides, may be fairly considered an ac- 
knowledgment of the prowess and skill of his enemy. No 
true knight would have hesitated to lift the glove which 
had been so gallantly thrown. It was an idle and discour- 
teous excuse, to say that Commodore Bainbridge would in- 
terfere, after he had solemnly pledged his honour to the con- 
trary. 

The commodore forwarded this correspondence to the se- 
cretary of the navy, accompanied by the following animad- 
versions. 

" Captain Green's excuse, I have no doubt, will be viewed 
by those who see it in its proper light. He certainly was 
not warranted in questioning the sacred pledge I made to 
him. The confidence which I had in the gallant command- 
er, brave officers and crew of the Hornet, all of whom ex- 
hibited the most ardent desire for the conflict, induced me 
to take the responsibility, from which I never would have 
swerved. The strongest proof, indeed, which I could give 
of that, was leaving the Hornet for days together, off the 
harbour in which the Bonne Citoyenne laid, and from which 
might be discovered that the Constitution was not within 
forty miles; therefore, at any period. Captain Green could 
have been certain of contending with her alone. Finally, 
to prevent his having the least possible excuse, I went into 
the harbour of St. Salvador, and remained at anchor there 
for three days, where he could have detained me twenty- 
four hours, on application to the governor. These three 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 145 

days, the Hornet remained off the harbour, and the Bonne 
Citoyenne continued in it, safely riding at her anchor. 

" On my leaving the coast of Brazil, I left Captain Law- 
rence to watch her, and have no doubt, should he fall in 
with her, that the result will be honourable to his country 
and to himself. 

" Hitherto, our enemy has attributed our victories over 
them to our having a superior force, when, in fact, the dif- 
ference in force has not been comparable with the superi- 
ority of effect done by us. In the present instance, they 
have not the least shade for such an excuse, for the Bonne 
Citoyenne is a larger vessel, and of greater force in guns 
and men than the Hornet; but the high state of discipline, 
and excellent order which the Hornet is in, makes me feel 
confident of a favourable result, if an action should take 
place between them. 

*' Permit me to take this opportunity of expressing to you, 
the great satisfaction I have received from Captain Law- 
rence's conduct, ever since he has been under my command, 
and I respectfully recommend him to your particular notice 
as a most meritorious officer." 

Count de Arcos, the governor of Bahia, early manifested 
an unfriendly disposition to the squadron under the com- 
mand of Commodore Bainbridge. He availed himself of 
every trivial circumstance to justify his inhospitable de- 
meanour. The chase of a British vessel by the Hornet, off 
the coast of Brazil, was charitably construed by the go- 
vernor, into a violation of neutrality. 

The American consul informed the commodore, that he 
discovered an evident partiality for the British. The con- 
sul opened a correspondence with the governor, with the 
view of removing prejudices which he was sensible had 
been created by the management of the resident English 
agents. 

The consul transmitted copies of these communications 
19 



146 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

to G)mmodore Bainbridge. The ability with which he de- 
fended the conduct of the American commanders, on princi- 
ples of national law, and the dignity and firmness with 
which he animadverted on the captious communications of 
the governor, are alike creditable to his talents and to his 
patriotism. 

After sending a spirited remonstrance to the governor of 
Bahia, against the hostile attitude which he had discovered 
towards the United States vessels, he prepared to continue 
his cruise ; first, however, sending the following laconic order 
to Captain Lawrence. 

" I shall keep off the land to the northward of lat. 12° 
20', until Thursday next, wrhen you will meet me there, 
except you have great reason to believe the Bonyie CUoyefine 
is coming out, in that case, watch close, and join me on Sa- 
turday next. 

" May glory and success attend you." 

Three days afler the Gjnstitution had separated from the 
Hornet, off St. Salvador, and while running down the coast 
of Brazil, he fell in with, and captured the British frigate 
Java. The particulars of this brilliant action, is lucidly de- 
tailed in the subjoined official report of Commodore Bain- 
bridge to the secretary of the navy. 

" I have the honour to inform you, that on the 29th of 
December, at two o'clock, P. M., in south latitude 13° 6', 
west longitude 38°, and about ten leagues distant from the 
eoast of Brazil, I fell in with, and captured, his Britannic 
Majesty's frigate Java, of forty-nine guns, and upwards of 
four hundred men, commanded by Captain Lambert, a very 
distinguished officer. The action lasted one hour and fifty- 
five minutes, in which time, the enemy was completely dis- 
mantled, not having a spar of any kind standing. 

" The loss on board the Constitution, was nine killed, and 
twenty-five wounded, as per enclosed list. The enemy had 
sixty killed, and one hundred and one wounded, (among the 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGK. 147 

latter, Captain Lambert, mortally,) but, by the enclosed 
letter, written on board this ship, by one of the officers of 
the Java, and accidentally found, it is evident that the ene- 
my's wounded must have been much greater than as above 
stated, and who must have died of their wounds, previously 
to their being removed. The letter states, sixty killed, and 
one hundred and seventy wounded. 

" For further details of the action, I beg leave to refer 
you to the enclosed extract from my journal : The Java 
had, in addition to her own crew, upwards of one hundred 
supernumerary officers and seamen, to join the British ships 
of war in the East Indies. She had also on board, Lieute- 
nant-General Hislop, appointed to the command of Bombay; 
Major Walker, and Captain Wood of his staff, and Captain 
Marshall, master and commander in the British navy, going 
to the East Indies to take command of a sloop of war there. 

" Should I attempt to do justice, by representation, to the 
brave and good conduct of my officers and crew, I should 
fail in the attempt; therefore, suffice it to say, that the 
whole of their conduct, was such as to meet my highest en- 
comiums. I beg leave to recommend the officers, particu- 
larly, to the notice of the government, as, also, the unfortu- 
nate seamen who were wounded, and the families of those 
brave men who fell in action. 

*' The great distance from our own coast, and the perfect 
wreck we made of the enemy's frigate, forbade every idea 
of attempting to take her to the United States. I had, 
therefore, no alternative, but burning her, which I did on 
the thirty-first, after receiving all the prisoners and their 
baggage, which was very hard work, only having two boats 
left out of eight, and not one left on board the Java. 

" On blowing up the frigate Java, I proceeded to St. Sal- 
vador, where I landed all the prisoners on their parole, to 
return to England, and there remain until regularly ex- 
changed, and not to serve in their professional capacities in 



148 LIFE AND SERVICES OP 

any place, or in any manner, whatsoever, against the 
United States of America, until their exchange shall be ef- 
fected." 



EXTRACTS FROM COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE'S JOURNAL. 

^' Tuesday, December 29th, 1812, at nine, A. M., disco- 
vered two strange sails on the weather bow. At ten, dis- 
covered the strange sails to be ships; one of them stood in 
for the land — the other stood oif shore, in a direction to- 
wards us. At forty-five minutes past ten, A. M., we tacked 
ship to the northward and westward, and stood for the sail 
standing towards us. At eleven, A. M., tacked to the south- 
ward and eastward — hauled up the mainsail, and took in 
the royals. At thirty minutes past eleven, made the private 
signal for the day, which was not answered, and then set 
the mainsail and royals, to draw the strange sail off from 
the neutral coast, and separate her from the sail in com- 
pany. 

" Wednesday, the thirtieth of December, (nautical time,) 
latitude 13° 6' south longitude 31° west, ten leagues from 
the coast of Brazil, commenced with clear weather and mo- 
derate breezes from the E. N. E. ; hoisted our ensign and 
pendant. At fifteen minutes past meridian, the ship hoisted 
her colours, an English ensign, having a signal flying at the 
main. At twenty-six minutes past one, P. M., being suffi- 
ciently from the land, and finding the ship to be an English 
frigate, took in the mainsail and royals, tacked ship, and 
stood for the enemy. 

"At fifty minutes past one, P. M., the enemy bore down 
with an intention of raking us, which we avoided by wear- 
ing. At two, P. M., the enemy being within half a mile of 
us, and to windward, and having hauled down his colours, 
except the union Jack, at the mizenmast head, induced me 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 149 

to give orders to the officer of the third division, to fire a gun 
ahead of the enemy, to make him show his colours, which 
being done, brought on a fire from us of the whole broadside, 
on which the enemy hoisted his colours, and immediately re- 
turned our fire. A general action, with round and grape 
then commenced ; the enemy keeping at a much greater 
distance than I wished ; but could not bring him to a closer 
action. Considerable manoeuvres were made by both ves- 
sels to rake and avoid being raked. 

"The following minutes were taken during the action. 

"At ten minutes past two, P. M., commenced the action 
within good grape or cannister distance, the enemy to wind- 
ward, but much further than I wished. At thirty minutes 
past two, our wheel was shot entirely away. At forty mi- 
nutes past two determined to close with the enemy, notwith- 
standing his raking. Set the fore and main sail, and luffed 
up close to him. At fifty minutes past two, the enemy's jib- 
boom got foul of our mizzen rigging. At three, the head of 
the enemy's bowsprit and jib-boom were shot away by us. 
At five minutes past three, shot dway the enemy's foremast 
by the board. At fifteen minutes past three, shot away his 
main top-mast just above the cap. At forty minutes past 
three, shot away the gaft and spancker-boom. At fifty-five 
minutes past three, shot away his mizzen-mast, nearly by the 
board, at five minutes past four, having silenced the fire of 
the enemy completely, and his colours in the main rigging 
being down, we supposed he had struck ; we then hauled 
down courses and shot ahead, to repair our rigging which 
was extremely cut, leaving the enemy a complete wreck : 
soon afterwards discovered the enemy's flag was still flying. 
Hove to, to repair some of our damage. At twenty minutes 
past four, wore ship and stood for the enemy. At twenty- 
five minutes past five, got very close to the enemy in 
a very effectual raking position, athwart his bows, and 
when about to fire, he most prudently struck his flag ; for 



150 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

had he suffered the broadside to have raked him, his ad- 
ditional loss must have been extremely great, as he laid an 
unmanageable wreck upon the water. 

"After the enemy had struck, wore ship and reefed the 
topsails, then hoisted one of the only two remaining boats 
we had left out of eight, and sent Lieutenant Parker, first 
of the Constitution, to take possession of the enemy, which 
proved to be his Britannic Majesty's frigate Java, rated thir- 
ty-eight, but carried forty -nine guns, and manned with up- 
wards of four hundred men, — commanded by Captain Lam- 
bert, a very distinguished officer, who was mortally wound- 
ed. 

"The action continued from the commencement to the end 
of the fire, one hour and fifty-five minutes. 

" The force of the enemy at the commencement of the ac- 
tion was, no doubt, considerably greater than we had been 
able to ascertain. The officers were extremely cautious in 
discovering the number.. By her quarter bill, she had one 
man stationed at each gun. more than we had. The Con- 
stitution was very much cut in her sails and rigging, and 
many of her spars injured. 

'^'At seven, P. M., the boat returned with Lieutenant Chads, 
the first lieutenant of the enemy's frigate, and Lieutenant- 
General Hislop, governor of Bombay, Major Walker, and 
Captain Wood of his staff. Captain Lambert of the Java, 
was too dangerously wounded to be removed immediately. 

" The cutter returned on board the prize for the prison- 
ers, and brought Captain Marshall, master and commander in 
*the British navy, who was a passenger on board, and seve- 
ral other naval officers destined for ships in the East Indies. 

"The Java was an important ship, fitted out in the com- 
pletest manner to convey Lieutenant-General Hislop and 
staff to Bombay, several naval officers, and a number of sea- 
men for ships in the East Indies. 

" She had also despatches for St. Helena, Cape of Good 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 151 

Hope, and every British establishment in the India, and Chi- 
na seas. 

" There was copper for a seventy-four, and two brigs 
building at Bombay, and a great many other valuables, but 
every thing was blown up in her, except the officers' bag- 
gage." 

In the early part of the action. Commodore Bainbridge 
was wounded by a musket ball in the hip, and shortly after- 
ward by a piece of langrage in the thigh. Though these 
wounds were severe and extremely painful, yet so deeply in- 
terested was he in the important duties which devolved upon 
him after the action, that he would not be persuaded to leave 
the deck until eleven o'clock at night. The langrage was 
not extracted for many days after the wound had been in- 
flicted. The constant irritation produced by the lodgement 
of this foreign subst^mce in his muscles, gave rise to symp-. 
toms of tetanus, yet by the skill and unremitting attentions 
of the surgeon of the ship, Dr. Evans, he was happily re- 
stored to his country, and to the arms of his affectionate fa- 
mily. 

On the 29th, after the action. Lieutenant Aylwin, a young 
officer of great promise, died of his wounds. He had been 
in the previous action between the Constitution and Guer- 
rier, and for his gallantry and good conduct on that occa-^ 
sion he was promoted to a lieutenancy. 

During this action there were many instances among the 
seamen and marines of not only dashing bravery, but of a 
patriotic enthusiasm which deserves particular admiration, 
A remarkable example was in the case of John Cheever, a 
seaman from Marblehead, who, while lying on the deck in 
the agonies of death, by the side of a dead brother, who had 
been killed in the early part of the action, heard the word 
passed that the enemy has struck. This animating intelligence 
giving a momentary reflux to his fast ebbing spirit, he raised 
himself on his left hand, pronounced three cheers with lou4 



152 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

and joyaus vehemence, and then fell back and expired with 
a smile of content and satisfaction playing upon his coun- 
tenance. 

Commodore Bainbridge had a singular dream a few nights 
before the action, in which he foresaw almost every incident 
of the battle. He dreamed that he had a severe action with 
an English frigate, in which he ultimately triumphed ; and 
among the prisoners were several army officers, one of whom 
had the rank of General. The circumstance made so strong 
an impression on him, that he made a note of it next morn- 
ing in his journal, and mentioned it also to his officers. 

In the first boat which arrived from the captured frigate, 
was brought the general officer, and as it approached the 
Constitution, the recollection of the dream was revived, and 
he exclaimed to Lieutenant Parker, that is the identical offi- 
cer I saw in my dream. He might have added, in the lan- 
guage of Brabantio, 

♦• This incident is not unlike my dream," 

After the capture of the Java, the Constitution arrived off 
St. Salvador, where she found her consort, the Hornet, still 
maintaining a blockade of the port. Commodore Bainbridge 
requested Captain Lawrence to pilot his frigate into the har- 
bour, as he had some previous knowledge of the channel. As 
his vessel was entering it, a boat came alongside with infor- 
mation that the Bonne Citoycnne had hove short, loosed her 
sails, and that Captain Green had expressed his determina- 
tion to go to sea that night. 

Captain Lawrence was ordered to return on board the 
Hornet, and make preparations to engage the enemy. An 
action was now confidently anticipated, both by the officers 
of the Constitution, and by the English officers who were their 
prisoners. Captain Green had indeed no excuse to avoid an 
engagement. The Constitution was now in the harbour of 
St. Salvador, under the command of the batteries on shore 



COMMODORE BAINBRIBGE. 153 

where she might have been detained for ten days, by appH- 
cation to the governor. 

Notwithstanding this favourable opportunity to meet an 
equal force, and under equal circumstances, yet prudential 
considerations, and such as do not often characterize his coun- 
trymen, induced the commander of the Bonne Citoyenne to 
decline the proffered combat. 

Commodore Bainbridge landed all his prisoners on parole 
of honour, not to serve during the war, or until regularly 
exchanged by their respective governments. 

At this time an interesting interview took place on the 
quarter deck of the Constitution between the two wounded 
commanders. While Captain Lambert was lying on his cot 
on deck, Commodore Bainbridge approached him supported 
by two of his officers, for the purpose of exchanging the sa- 
lutations of parting. On this occasion he presented to the 
gallant Lambert his side-arms, and observed w^ith unaffected 
emotion, " I return your sword, my dear sir, with my sin- 
cerest wish that you will recover, and wear it as you have 
hitherto done, with honour to yourself and country." 

This magnanimous conduct made a deep impression on 
the British officers, who, with corresponding feelings, tendered 
the commodore their warmest thanks for his kind and deli- 
cate attentions to their wounded and greatly beloved com- 
mander. 

The benevolent and delicate attentions of the United 
States officers to their prisoners inspired them with great 
admiration of the American character, and called forth the 
liveliest expressions of gratitude. 

Lieutenant General Hislop had on board the Java a quan- 
tity of valuable plate, which, with every other article 
claimed either by himself or his officers as personal property, 
was carefully restored to them. 

The subjoined correspondence places the character of 
Commodore Bainbridge in an interesting point of view, and 
20 



154 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

must be to his countrymen a gratifying evidence of the high 
sense of honour and generosity which has been always his 
distinguishing characteristic. 

"St. Salvador, January 3, 1813. 
" Dear Sir, 

" I am justly penetrated with the fullest sense of your 
very handsome and kind treatment, ever since the fate of 
war placed me in your power, and I beg once more to re- 
new to you my sincerest acknowledgments for the same. 

'* Your acquiescence with my request in granting my pa- 
role with the officers of my staff, added to the obligations I 
had previously experienced, claim from me this additional 
tribute of my thanks. May I now finally flatter myself that 
in the further extension of your generous and humane feel- 
ings, in the alleviation of the misfortunes of war, that you 
will have the goodness to fulfil the only wish I am now anx- 
ious to see completed, by enlarging on their parole, (on the 
same conditions you acceded to with respect to myself,) all 
the officers of the Java still on board your ship ; a favour I 
shall never cease duly to appreciate by your acquiescence 
thereto. 

*' I have the honour to subscribe myself, dear sir, 
" Your much obliged, 

" and very humble servant, 

" T. HISLOP, 
" Lieut. Gen. and Gov. of Bombay. 
" Commodore Bainbridge." 

" U. States^ Frigate Constitution, 
" St. Salvador, January 3, 1813. 
" Dear Sir, 

" I have received your letter of this date expressive of 
your feelings regarding my treatment towards you since the 
fate of war placed you in my power. The kind sentiments 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGK. 155 

which you have been pleased to use, are very justly appre- 
ciated by me, and far overbalance those common civilities 
shown by me, and v^^hich are always due to prisoners of war, 
I regret that the lumbered state of my ship prevented me 
from making you as comfortable on board, as I sincerely 
wished to have done. 1 have complied with your last re- 
quest respecting paroling all the officers of the Java. In 
doing so, your desire, in addition to my own disposition to 
ameliorate as much as possible the situationof those officers, 
has materially influenced me. 

" Permit me to tender to you, (notwithstanding our re- 
spective countries are at war,) assurances of my sincere es- 
teem and high respect, and to assure you, that I shall feel at 
all times highly gratified in hearing of, and from you. With 
fervent wishes for the recovery of the gallant Captain Lam- 
bert, I have the honour to subscribe myself, very respect- 
fully, &c., 

'' WM. BAINBRIDGE. 

«' Lieut. General Hislop, ) 

of the British Army, &c., &c." ) 

" St. Salvador f January 4, 1813. 

'" Dear Sir, 

" Allow me once more to express my sincerest acknow- 
ledgments for this last instance of your kind attention to my 
wishes, by having complied with my request in behalf of the 
officers of the Java. Lieut. Chads delivered to me your 
very polite and obliging letter, and be assured I shall feel 
no less gratification at all times to hear of or from you than 
that which you are so good as to express you will derive in 
receiving information respecting myself. 

" May I request now that you will be so good as to cause 
to be looked for a small chest, containing articles of plate, 
more valuable to me on account of having been presented to 



156 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

me by the colony of Demerara, where I commanded for 
several years. 

" I have the honour to be, 

" with great respect, 

« T. HISLOP. 
" Commodore Bainbridgb." 

" United States' Frigate Constitution. 

" St. Salvador, January 4, 1813. 
*' Dear Sir, 

" It is painful to me to learn that you have lost the plate 
presented by the colony of Demerara. It cannot be found 
on board ship, and I candidly believe it is not here. If, how- 
ever, it should be on board it will be found, and you may 
rely on my honour of sending it to England for you. If it 
came from the Java, I have no doubt it was taken amongst 
the other boxes of plate and baggage. 

" With great esteem, &c., 

" WM. BAINBRIDGE. 
" Lieut. General Hislop." 

" St. Salvador, January 4, 1813. 
<'Dear Sir, 

" I am very happy in being able to inform you, that in 
opening the large cases of my baggage, one of them has 
been found to contain two chests, one of which proves to be 
the one which could not be accounted for this morning, and 
which arose from the incorrectness of the silver-smith in 
numbering the packages. 

" I am extremely sorry this circumstance should have 
occasioned you any trouble, and beg to assure you that 1 
shall always remain, with great respect, 

*' Dear sir, your very ob't. serv't. 
" T. HISLOP. 
'' Commodore Bainbridge." 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 157 

"St. Salvador, Monday, Jamtanj 4th, 1813. 
" Lieutenant Chads presents his compliments to Commo- 
dore Bainbridge, and is extremely sorry to inform him that 
Captain Lambert died a short time since." 



" U. Stales' Frigate Constitidio7i, January 4, 1813. 

" Commodore Bainbridge has learned, with real sorrow, 
the death of Captain Lambert. 

" Though a political enemy, he could not but greatly re- 
spect him for the brave defence he made with his ship ; and 
Commodore Bainbridge takes this occasion to observe, in 
justice to Lieutenant Chads, who fought the Java after Cap- 
tain Lambert was wounded, that he had done every thing 
for the defence of that ship which a brave and skilful officer 
could do, and further resistance would have been a wanton 
effusion of human blood." 



General Hislop presented to Commodore Bainbridge a 
splendid gold-mounted sword, as an evidence of his gratitude 
for the delicate, liberal, and humane treatment which had 
been shown to himself and the other officers captured in the 
Java. 

The shattered and decayed state of the Constitution, 
obliged the commodore to return to the U. States without 
delay. Before leaving St. Salvador, however, he gave to 
Captain Lawrence the following order. 

*' You will cruise off here as long as, in your judgment, you 
may deem it necessary, for the interception of the British 
ship of war Bonne Citoyenne, or some of the valuable British 
merchant vessels now in St. Salvador ; but I should not ad- 
vise you to lose much time here, without a great probability 
of being successful. Be on your guard against the arrival 



158 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

of the Montague seventy-four, and I advise you not to rely 
too much on the protection of the neutral port of Bahia, 
against the admiral's influence to capture you even in port. 
On this subject consult Mr. Hill, our consul there. 

"On quitting this station, you will cruise along the coast 
of Brazil to Pernambuco ; remain off there a few days, and 
from thence shape your course so as to fall in with the coast 
of Cayenne, Surinam, and Demerara, where, it is probable, 
you may meet some valuable English vessels that trade to 
these parts. 

" From thence proceed through the West India islands, 
where you must arrive from the first to the middle of April ; 
and then you are at liberty to take a short cruise, returning 
to the port of Boston, the place of rendezvous for my squad- 
ron. 

" It is impossible to foresee events that may happen, and 
as positive orders often perplex and defeat the object in 
view, I would have you, notwithstanding what I have di- 
rected, to act very much from your own judgment, and 
known discretion ; and I do so with perfect satisfaction, 
having the fullest confidence in your patriotism and abilities. 
Wishing you every success in the pursuit of fame and for- 
tune, 

" I am yours, &c., 

" WM. BAINBRIDGE." 

After the Constitution had left the coast, the Hornet con- 
tinued off the harbour of St. Salvador, blockading the Bonne 
Citoyenne, until the twenty-fourth of January. At this time, 
the Montague, a^British line-of-battle ship, hove in sight, and 
chased her into the harbour; but night coming on, the Hornet 
wore ship, stood to the southward, and escaped. As it ap- 
peared to Captain Lawrence that this ship had left Rio 



COMMODORE BAI\BRIDGE. ISO- 

Janeiro for the purpose of relieving the Bonne Citoyenne, 
which he was then blockading, he determined at once to 
change his cruising ground. He therefore run down the 
coast of Brazil and Guiana until the 24th of February, when 
he discovered a brig to which he gave chase ; but, being 
without a pilot, w-as obliged to haul off, when about two 
and a half leagues from the mouth of the Demerara river. 
About the time he relinquished the chase, he discovered a 
brig of war at anchor with English colours flying. In beat- 
ing round the bank for the purpose of engaging her, he ob- 
served another large British brig of war edging from him. 

After some manoeuvring the two vessels passed each other, 
within half pistol shot, and exchanged broadsides. Observing 
the enemy in the act of wearing, he bore up, received the 
starboard broadside, run him close aboard the starboard quar- 
ter, and kept up such a heavy and well directed fire, that in 
less than fifteen minvitcs the enemy surrendered. Being 
much cut to pieces, he hoisted his ensign, union down from 
the fore-rigging, as a signal of distress. 

Lieutenant Shubrick was directed to board the prize, 
who soon returning with her first lieutenant, reported her 
to be his Britannic Majesty's brig Peacock, commanded by 
Captain William Peake, who was killed just before the ter- 
mination of the action — that a number of her crew were 
killed and wounded, and the vessel was in a perilous condi- 
tion, having six feet water in the hold. Both vessels were 
immediately anchored, and every effort made to save the 
crew of the sinking vessel, but unhappily without complete 
success. Nine of the crew of the Peacock, and four of the 
brave seamen of the Hornet, who were fearlessly exerting 
themselves to save their helpless enemy, sunk with the ves- 
sel. The gallant Lieutenant Conner, and Midshipman Coo- 
per, in exerting themselves in the benevolent office of res- 
cuing the lives of their conquered foes, saved themselves. 



160 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

with difficulty, by jumping into a boat which was lying on 
the booms of the wreck, as she sank into the bosom of the 
deep. Had it not been for the quick and violent energies 
of the oarsmen, she would have fallen into the eddying whirl 
which engulfed the larger vessel. 

The precise number of the enemy who were killed never 
could be ascertained. Captain Peake and four men were 
found dead on board. The master, one of the midshipmen, 
the captain's clerk, the carpenter, and twenty-nine seamen, 
were wounded, and most of them severely. 

The loss of the Hornet was inconsiderable, having only 
one man killed and two wounded. The contending forces 
were entirely ecpial, but the disparity of effect was inexpli- 
cable. It is a matter of wonder that any stoutly built ves- 
sel could be demolished in so short a period, even if she had 
been anchored and had not returned the fire of the Hornet. 

At the time this action took place, the Espiegle, a British 
brig of war, mounting sixteen thirty-two pound carronades, 
and two long nines, was at anchor in shore within six miles, 
and could plainly see the action. The commander, however, 
discovered no disposition to bring the Hornet to another en- 
gagement. 

In consequence of the number of prisoners, and the short 
allowance of provisions on board the Hornet, Captain Law- 
rence resolved to proceed at once to the United States. 

The Peacock was about the same tonnage as the Hornet, 
and was considered one of the finest vessels of her class in 
the British navy. She mounted sixteen twenty-four pound 
carronades, two long nines, one twelve pound carronade on 
her top-gallant forecastle, a shifting gun, one six pounder, 
and two swivels mounted aft. It was found by her quarter 
bill, that her crew consisted of one hundred and thirty-four 
men. 

After the destruction of the Peacock, the crew of the Hor- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. IGl 

net made a subscription, by wbich they supplied the British 
sailors who had lost all their clothing, with two shirts, a blue 
jacket and trousers to each. This act of generosity, added to 
other kind and delicate attentions, called forth the warmest 
expressions of gratitude from the captured officers. 



21 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAINBRIDOE. 103 



CHAPTER VIII. 



Letter of Commodore Bainbridge on the Subject of Prize Money — Con- 
stitution arrives in Boston — Bainbridge's Reception at Boston, New 
York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore — Honours conferred on him by 
Congress and several State Legislatures — The Opinions of George the 
Fourth, and of Admiral Jarvis — Cruise of the Essex — Commodore 
Bainbridge appointed to the Command of the Boston Navy Yard — 
Laid the Keel of the Line-of-battle ship Independence — The Actions 
between the Chesapeake and Shannon — Honours conferred on Cap- 
tain Broke — Naval Signals — Ship Houses. 



During the passage of the Constitution from St. Salvador 
to the United States, Commodore Bainbridge wrote to a friend 
the following communication. The substantial reasons which 
he offered in favour of his views, made so great an impres- 
sion on his government, that laws were soon after enacted 
to carry them into operation. 

" United Slates frigate Constitution, 
" January, 24th, 1813. 

" I am confident, my much valued friend, that none of my 
countrymen will receive the nev/s of my success with more 



iG4 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

pleasure than yourself. Had not the damage which the 
Constitution received in the action, but more especially the 
decayed state she is in, made it necessary for me to return 
to the United States for repairs, I should, beyond doubt, 
have made a most successful cruise against the enemy's 
commerce. 

" The information I received from our consul at St. Sal- 
vador, enabled me to digest a plan of cruising for the squad- 
ron under my command, which in all human calculation 
must have proved successful. Should the war continue, 1 
yet flatter myself that I shall be enabled to annoy the ene- 
my's trade, where they least expect it. 

" If I had been in a seventy-four, or had one more 
frigate with me, without vanity or ostentation, I may con- 
fidently assert, I should have had the honour of taking Ad- 
miral Dixon in the Montague seventy-four. 

" The Java was exceedingly well fought and bravely de- 
fended. Poor Lambert, whose death I sincerely regret, was 
a distinguished officer and a worthy man. He has left a 
widow, and two helpless children ; but his country makes 
provision for such sad events. 

" I regret that I am obliged to return home, and my crew 
participate in this sentiment; they are, however, consoling 
themselves with the hope of receiving their prize money. 
One says, he will buy him a sniig little ship on the highest 
hill he can find, that he may there, in his old age, view all 
our sea fights; another, that now he will marry his Poll; 
another, that he will send his Jack to school, &c. &c. &c. 

" Poor fellows, I trust they will not be disappointed in 
their expectations. Twice have they willingly and gallant- 
ly encountered the enemy, and twice have they been suc- 
cessful. To return home now, and find they have nothing 
but a remnant of pay coming to them, would be extremely 
mortifying. It would inevitably depress their spirits, and 
damp that noble ardour which they have hitherto felt and 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 163 

displayed. The officer may feel differently. For the per- 
formance of his duty, he feels a reward in his own bosom, 
and in his country's thanks. 

" Patriotism, and a laudable thirst for renown, will lead 
him to court perils in defence of his country's rights. These 
feelings operate on the sailor also; but to keep up the high 
tone of his ardour, he must have prize money in view. It 
is prize money which stimulates the sailor; and patriotism 
and fame guide the officer. 

" True policy, in my humble opinion, dictates the destruc- 
tion of the enemy's ships after capture; for by manning them, 
even if they are left in a manageable situation, our ships 
would be so weakened in their crews, that they would be 
liable to be captured by an equal, or insulted by an inferior 
force. The act of destruction is done by the command of 
the captain only ; the crew, who have exposed their lives 
equally with him, have not the right of opposition. When 
I ordered the Java to be destroyed, these considerations pre- 
sented themselves to my mind with great force. Surely 
justice and sound policy recommend a liberal provision in 
their favour. In making these observations, I am not in- 
fluenced by selfish motives. The applause of my country- 
men has for me greater charms than all the gold that glit- 
ters ; but justice to those who bravely fought under my 
command, and assisted me in gaining this victory, requires 
at my hands, an exertion in their behalf; and should it 
please Heaven to conduct us safe to our native shores, I 
shall not fail to use my best endeavours, solemnly believing, 
as I do, that the principle is all-important to the continued 
success of our navy. 

" For, if it is, as I hold it, the indispensable duty of the 
commander to destroy the captured vessel, on account of 
the gauntlet he would have to run with both the prize and 
his own ship, (except he should be very near one of our own 
ports,) and the captain should receive (which is almost al- 



16G LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

ways the case,) all the honour, and the others no compen- 
sation ; is it not natural to suppos'c, that the ardent desire 
which our seamen so strongly manifest to get into battle 
should diminish? 

" Let that once take place, and your naval fights will 
not, I prophesy, be so decisive as they would be by keeping 
the ardour up ; and how trifling an expense the compensa- 
tion would be in a national point of view. The schooner 
which I am now despatching a prize to the Hornet, will 
give to the public treasury upwards of one hundred thou- 
sand dollars," 

On the 27th of February, 1813, the noble and successful 
frigate Constitution again arrived in the harbour of Boston. 
Commodore Bainbridge landed next morning, was received 
by several officers and citizens of distinction, and was 
escorted by a company of light infantry to the Exchange 
Coffee House. He was greeted, at intervals, with repeated 
huzzas by the citizens. 

The street leading to his hotel was decorated with flags 
and colours, and the merchant ships in the harbour exhi- 
bited a similarly gay appearance. A large ensign was sus- 
pended across the street from opposite houses, on which 
were inscribed the names of Hull, Jo7ies, Decatur, and Bain- 
bridge ; names which had become greatly distinguished up 
to that period of the war. 

A public dinner was given to him by the citizens of Bos- 
ton, and every other attention shown which could manifest 
the high estimation in which his gallant services v^'ere viewed. 
Every where throughout the country, indeed, he received de- 
monstrations of the respect which was entertained for his 
character, and grateful thanks for the important services 
which he had rendered to his country. 

The Legislature of Massachussetts being in session when 
Commodore Bainbridge returned after his victory, the Se- 
nate and House of Representatives passed the following re- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 167 

solutions, which were communicated to him by the president 
and speaker of these respective bodies. 

" Sir, 

" By request of the House of Representatives of the Com- 
monwealth of Massachussetts, I have the honour to trans- 
mit to you the enclosed copy of their vote, wherein they 
have unanimously expressed the high sense which they enter- 
tain of the distinguished ability, gallantry, and generosity to 
the vanquished, exhibited by you particularly, and the offi- 
cers and crew of the United States frigate Constitution un- 
der your command, in the late brilliant achievement ; the 
capture of the British frigate Java: permit me to add, that 
I feel much personal gratification, in being in any way in- 
strumental in bestowing applause so justly merited. 

"T. BIGELOW, Speaker." 

'• Commonwealth of Massachusselts, 
^^ House of Representatives, February 20, 1813. 

"Whereas every event which reflects lustre on the Ameri- 
can name, and contributes to elevate the 7ialional character 
in the view of foreign powers, ought to be distinguished and 
honoured by the people of the United States. And whereas 
the brilliant victories achieved by our gallant navy since the 
commencement of the present war with Great Britain, are 
highly calculated to produce that effect ; and while they de- 
monstrate to the nation the wisdom and patriotism of that 
policy which created a navy, they strongly urge upon the 
national government the importance of encouraging and in- 
creasing that species of force, on which the protection of 
our maritime rights essentially depend. It becomes the re- 
presentatives of the people of Massachussetts, (whatever 
may be their opinions in relation to the existing war) to tes- 
tify their high approbation of the gallant and able conduct 
of those officers and crews of the navy, to whom the fortu- 



168 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

nate opportunities have occurred of giving reputation to the 
American arms, and of signalizing their own valour, enter- 
prise, and nautical skill. Therefore, resolved, as the opinion 
of this house, that Commodores Bainbridge and Decatur, 
Captains Hull, and Jones, of the United States Navy, their 
oflicers and crews, in the splendid victories by them recently 
obtained over the British ships of war, the Java, Macedo- 
nian, Guerrier, and Frolic; and in their generous conduct 
to their captured enemies, have acquired for themselves a 
distinguished title to that consideration and applause of their 
fellow-citizens, which is due to a heroic and able discharge 
of duty, and which is the legitimate reward of the brave 
man, who devotes his life to the service of his country. 

RESOLUTION OF THE SENATE, 

Commonwealth of Massachussetts, 
In Senate, February 19, 1813. 

Resolved, That the thanks of this senate be given to Com- 
modore William Bainbridge, and to the officers and crew 
of the frigate Constitution under his command, for their 
brilliant achievement in capturing and destroying his Bri- 
tannic Majesty's frigate Java, and that the commodore be 
requested to communicate the same to his officers and crew, 
with an assurance from this branch of the legislature, that 
they will hold in grateful remembrance those who fell in 
fighting, for the essential and violated rights of their coun- 
try. 

Resolved, That the President of the Senate cause an at- 
tested copy of this resolution to be transmitted to Commo- 
dore Bainbridge. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 169 

On the receipt of Commodore Bainbridge's despatches, at 
the navy department, the President of the United States 
sent the following message to Congress. 

" To the Senate and House of Representatives. 

" 1 lay before Congress a letter with accompanying do- 
cuments from Commodore Bainbridge, now commanding the 
United States frigate, ' the Constitution,' reporting his cap- 
ture, and destruction of the British frigate ' Java/ The 
circumstances of the issue of this combat atTord another 
example of the professional skill, and hei'oic spirit which pre- 
vail in our naval service. The signal display of both by 
Commodore Bainbridge, his officers and crew, command the 
highest praise. This being the second instance in which 
the condition of the captured ship, by rendering it impossi- 
sible to get her into port, has barred a contemplated reward 
for successful valour, I recommend to the consideration of 
Congress, the equity and propriety of a general provision, 
allowing, in such cases, both past and future, a fair propor- 
tion of the value which would accrue to the captors on the 
safe arrival and sale of the prize. 

" JAMES MADISON." 

After reading the message, the following resolution was 
passed. 

" Resolved, by the Senate and House of Repreientatives of 
America, in Congress assembled, That the President of the 
United States be, and he is hereby requested to present to 
Captain William Bainbridge, of the frigate Constitution, a 
gold medal, with suitable emblems and devices, and a silver 
medal, with suitable emblems and devices, to each com-r 
missioned officer of the said frigate, in testimony of the high 
sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good con- 
duct, and services of Captain William Bainbridge, his officers 
22 



170 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

and crew, in the capture of the British frigate Java, after a 
successful combat. 

"HENRY CLAY, 
" Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

" WM. H. CRAWFORD, 

" President of the Senate, pro tern. 

"March 3, 1813. 

" Approved. 
" James Madison." 

An act was passed by Congress, at the same session, au- 
thorizing the President of the United States to distribute 
fifty thousand dollars to the officers and crew of the Consti- 
tution, for the capture and destruction of the Java. An 
authorized agent distributed this donation as prize money, 
during the following summer, agreeably to the regulations 
of the navy. 

The importance of this proud and signal victory, was 
deeply felt, and duly appreciated in all parts of the Union. 

The governor of JNew York was directed by the legisla- 
ture of the stale, to transmit the thanks of that body to 
Commodore Bainbridge for his gallant services. 

Albany, March 5, 1813. 
" Sir, 

" 1 have the honour to present to you resolutions of the 
Honourable the Senate and x\ssembly of the state of New 
York, containing their unanimous vote of thanks, for the 
skill and valour displayed by yourself and officers, and crew 
of the Constitution, in the capture of the British frigate 
Java, and for bravely supporting the honour of the Ameri- 
can flag, and valiantly avenging the violated rights of our 
country on the ocean, 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 171 

" With that of the other departments of the government, 
1 beg leave to unite my deep sense of the conduct displayed 
in the capture of the Jav'a ; and of my estimation of the 
distinguished gallantry of those heroes who achieved that 
brilliant victory. 

" I have the honour to be, 

" with the greatest respect, 
" Your obedient servant, 

" DANIEL D. TOMPKINS. 

" Commodore William Bain bridge." 

" Stale of Neil) York, 
" In Senate, February 27, 1813. 

" Resolved, unanimously, That the gallantry and skill of 
Captain Hull, in attacking and destroying the British frigate 
Guerrier ; of Captain Jones, in attacking and capturing the 
sloop of war Frolic, a ship of decidedly superior force; of 
Commodore Decatur, in attacking and capturing the frigate 
Macedonian; and of Commodore Bainbridge, in attacking 
and destroying the frigate Java, are events of such noble 
and splendid achievements; and happening in such rapid 
succession, as to demand from the representatives of the 
people of this state, a public expression of the high sense in 
which they are held. 

" That the thanks of this legislature be presented to Cap- 
tains Hull, Jo?ies, and Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge, 
their officers and crews, for their cool and intrepid valour 
in the capture of the above-mentioned British ships, and for 
their bravely supporting the American flag, and valiantly 
avenging the violated rights of their country on the ocean. 

" Resolved, That the concurrence of the Honourable the 
Assembly be requested, and in case of such concurrence, 
that his Excellency the Governor be desired to transmit a 



172 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

copy of the above resolution to each of the above named 
officers. 

" By order, 

" S. VJSSEHER, Clerk." 

'" State of JVew York, 
" In Assembly, March 1, 1813." 
" Resolved, unanirhoiisly. That this House do concur with 
the Honourable the Senate, in their preceding resolution. 
" By order, 

*' JOSEPH VAN INGEN, Clerk." 

"■ U?iited States^ Frigate Constitution. 

" Boston, March 31, 1813. 

" Sir, 

" I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your 
letter of the 6th instant, enclosing resolutions of the Honour- 
able the Senate and Assembly of the state of New York, 
containing their unanimous vote of thanks to myself, officers 
and crew of the frigate Constitution, for attacking and de- 
stroying the British frigate Java. 

" Permit me, sir, through the same channel, to convey to 
those highly respectable legislative bodies of the state of 
New York, my grateful acknowledgments for the honour 
they have conferred on us, and to assure them, that when 
we are again required to fulfil our duty in opposing the 
enemy, we shall be animated by the remembrance of the 
honours our country has already liberally bestowed on us. 
The most grateful as well as the greatest honour an Ame- 
rican officer can receive, is the approbation and applause 
of his countrymen. 

" For the friendly manner, sir, in which you have beefi 
pleased to communicate the resolutions of the vote of thanks, 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 173 

I beg you to accept my best wishes for your health and hap- 
piness. 

" And belive me to be, 
" with sentiments of great respect, 
" Your obedient servant, 

" WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE." 

" His Excellency, 5 

" DANIEL D. TOMPKINS." \ 

The subjoined proceedings of the common council of the 
city of New York were transmitted to Commodore Bain- 
bridge in the following envelope. 

"Afeiu York, April 1, 1813. 
" Sir, 

" It is with the highest satisfaction I communicate to 
you the enclosed resolution of the common council of this 
city. 

" You will receive it as one of those evidences of atten- 
tion and gratitude, which our country is proud to show to 
those who have so eminently distinguished themselves by 
their gallantry and valour. 

" With my congratulations for the past, and best wishes 
for your future success, I have the honour to be, 
" Your obedient servant, 

"P. C. VAN WYCK." 

" In Commoii Council, JVeio York, 
" March 1, 1813. 

'" The following resolution was presented, and unanimous- 
ly agreed to. 

" In testimony of the high sense entertained by the com- 
mon council of the gallantry and skill of Commodore Wil- 



174 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

liam Bainbridge, his officers and crew of the United States 
frigate Constitution, in the late capture and destruction of 
his Britannic Majesty's frigate Java ; wliereby, new laurels 
have been acquired by our gallant navy; and a new in- 
stance offered of the practical utility of that kind of defence 
for the protection and encouragement of the important com- 
mercial interests of our country : — 

" Resolved, That the freedom of the city, in a gold box, be 
presented to Commodore Bainbridge, and that his portrait 
be obtained and set up in the gallery of portraits belonging 
to this city : and that the thanks of the common council be 
presented to his officers and crew who were engaged in this 
achievement, so honourable to themselves and the nation. 

(Extract from the minutes.) 

^'Commodore BAmBRiDOE. 

"J. MORTON, &c." 
C. C. C. 



" U. Slates' Frigate Constitution, 

''Boston, April 14, 1813. 
"" Sir, 

" The resolution of the common council of the city of New 
York in favour of myself, the officers and crew of the frigate 
Constitution, relative to our conduct in the action with the 
British frigate Java, has been through you gratefully re- 
ceived. 

*' Permit me, sir, to convey through the same channel, to 
that highly respected body, the common council, my warm- 
est acknowledgments for the honour they have personally 
done me in presenting to me the freedom of the city of New 
York, and in giving me a place in the gallery of portraits of 
that city. 

" Such distinguished favours from a city in which I have 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. l?^ 

spent many happy days of my juvenile years, could not fail 
to make a just penetration on my feelings, and to command 
my best wishes for the prosperity and happiness of its inha- 
bitants. 

" For the very friendly participation which you take in 
communicating the resolution, I beg you to accept the assu- 
rances of the sincere esteem and great respect with which 
" I have the honour to be, 
" Sir, your obedient and 
"Very humble servant, 

"WM. BAINBRIDGE. 
«P. C. Van Wyck, Esq." 

The following communication announced to Commodore 
Bainbridge his election, as an honorary member of the New 
York state society of the Cincinnati. 

''New York, March 19, 1813. 
" Dear Sir, 

" It is my pleasant task, as the existing president of the 
New York state society of the Cincinnati, and at their re- 
quest, to inform you, that at a meeting specially convened, 
on Wednesday the seventeenth instant, those gentlemen, be- 
ing some of the few surviving companions in arms of the 
great and good Washington, in the war of the Revolution, 
have unanimously elected you as one of their distinguished 
fellow-citizens, an honorary member of that society, and to 
be their friend and the friend of their heirs male during life ; 
to wdiich some of your naval friends and companions have 
already become entitled. 

" A copy of the proceedings of the society, extracted from 
the minutes, and certified by Captain Henry S. Dodge, their 
secretary, you have enclosed. 

" It now remains for me to inquire from you, whether it will 
be agreeable to you to become one of us? and if so, what 



17G LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

time it is probable you will be in this city? For as it is very 
uncertain, nay, improbable, that you will be here on the 4th 
of July, the anniversary day of the society, the society have 
provisionally delegated the power of installation, or investi- 
ture of the order, to their Vice President General Stevens, 
General Giles, Colonel Troup, Major Farley, and myself, at 
such time as may suit your avocations, as well as private 
convenience, to be in this city and receive that honour, and 
those gentlemen are desirous to be early advised when they 
will be called upon to discharge the trust committed to them 
by their fellows. 

" It would be very pleasant if the service would admit of 
your gallant predecessor in the same ship being here at the 
same time. This is, however, hardly to be expected. 
" I have the honour to be, 

" With great respect and consideration, 
" Dear sir, your friend, and 
"Very humble servant, 

"RICHARD VARICK. 
"Commodore Bainbridge." 

" At a general meeting of the New York state society of the 
Cincinnati, held in the city of New York, pursuant to public 
notice, the seventeenth day of March, 1813. 

" Resolved, That whereas, by the constitution of this society, 
it is among other matters provided as follows, viz : 

" As there are, and will at all times be men in the respec- 
tive states eminent for their abilities and patriotism, whose 
views may be directed to the same laudable objects with 
those of the Cincinnati, it shall be a rule to admit such cha- 
racters as honorary members of the society for their own 
lives only. 

" This society, in testimony of the high sense which it en- 
tertains of the patriotism and abilities of Commodore Wil- 
liam Bainbridge, of the United States frigate Constitution, 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 177 

and of the meritorious services rendered by him in the de- 
struction of his 15ritannic Majesty's frigate Java, Henry Lam- 
bert, Esq. commander, on the twenty-ninth of December, 
1812, after an action of one hour and fifty-five minutes, do 
admit him, and he is hereby unanimously admitted an honc- 
rary member of the society of Cincinnati. 

I certify the above to be a true extract from the records 
of the New York society of the Cincinnati. 

HENRY S. DODGE, Secretary. 

During the month of March, Commodore Bainbridge visit- 
ed Washington city. On his passage tliither he was splen- 
didly entertained, and tendered ev^ery demonstration of re- 
spect by the citizens of New York, Philadelphia, and Bal- 
timore. While in New York, he was duly inslalled as a 
member of the Cincinnati society, and invested with its ap- 
propriate badge. As a mark of particular respect, he was 
presented with a diploma which possessed the signature of 
General Washington. 

On his arrival in Philadelphia, he was also installed an 
honorary member of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania. The 
gentlemen of this city presented to him an elegant silver 
vase, together with a tea set of plate, on which were en- 
graven suitable emblems and devices. 

Commodore Bainbridge was now considered at the summit 
of his glory. Congratulations, rewards, and honours were 
bestowed upon him by the most prominent states and cities 
of the Union. 

The happy union of skill and humanity which he mani- 
fested awakened admiration even in the enemy's country. 
Sir Benjamin Bloomfield informed a friend of the writer, 
that he heard the Prince Regent, afterwards George the 
Fourth, remark, that he would be delighted to take the offi- 
cer by the hand who could fight so bravely, and afterwards 
behave with so much magnanimity. 
23 



178 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

The following anecdote I have extracted from an excel- 
lent manuscript biography of Commodore Bainbridge by H. 
A. S. Dearborn, of Boston. 

" A New York gentleman being in London at the time when 
the news of the capture of the Java by Commodore Bainbridge 
arrived, and happening next day to be in company with the 
venerable and distinguished Admiral Jarvis, the veteran re- 
marked that he had passed a sleepless night. It was not occa- 
sioned, he said, by the loss of his Majesty's frigate Java, but 
by the proud and dignified manner in which the American 
commander had treated his vanquished enemy. He observed, 
that the deportment of Bainbridge more resembled the proud 
bearing of a Spanish grandee to his prisoners during the 
days of ancient chivalry, than of a young man of a young na- 
tion, scarcely yet in the gristle of manhood. He added, that 
this trait of national character, which indicated so much of 
future greatness, had given to him, as an Englishman, much 
uneasiness and apprehension." 

A succession of brilliant naval victories had every where 
inspired confidence in this " arm of our national defence," 
and awakened the patriotic pride of our citizens to an unre- 
strained enthusiasm. They proudly witnessed a brave ene- 
my, who had been hitherto considered invincible, and who 
had therefore boastfully claimed the seas as her "wide do- 
main," yield, when opportunity offered, both her "wooden 
walls," and maritime possessions, to the skill and gallantry 
of our infant navy. 

The heroes of the navy became the pride and boast of 
the country, while their achievements shed a living lustre 
on our national history. Our citizens of all classes partici- 
pated deeply in these triumphs. The destructive thunders 
of our men-of-war dispelled the cloud of prejudice which had 
exerted so baleful an influence on the fortunes of the navy; 
so that Congress became convinced of its importance, a,nd 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 179 

promptly adopted such measures for its gradual increase, as 
the then limited finances of the country would warrant. 

While the cruises of the Constitution and Hornet were 
highly creditable to their commanders, officers, and crews, 
the frigate Essex, commanded by Captain Porter, which 
constituted one of the squadron under the command of Com- 
modore Bainbridgc, was scarcely less successful in the career 
of glory. 

The Essex sailed from the river Delaware on the 27th of 
October, 1812, and touched at the various points of rendez- 
vous assigned to him in Commodore Bainbridge's letter of in- 
struction ; but not meeting the squadron, and learning that 
the Montague seventy-four was in pursuit of him, he availed 
himself of his discretionary orders, shaped his course towards 
the Pacific ocean, and arrived at Valparaiso on the 14th of 
March, 1813- After obtaining a supply of water and pro- 
visions, he proceeded on a cruise, and was so fortunate as to 
release many of his captured countrymen, to recapture se- 
veral American merchant vessels which had been taken by 
the enemy, to give protection to our valuable trade in those 
seas, and to entirely destroy the enemy's commerce engaged 
in the whale fishery. While cruising among the Gallipagos 
islands he captured twelve vessels chiefly engaged in the 
whale fishery — the whole having on board three hundred 
and two men, and one hundred and seven guns. 

These achievements, added to the obstinate and heroic de- 
fence of the Essex, then in a crippled state, against the Bri- 
tish men-of-war Phoebe, and Cherub, whose united forces 
were nearly double that of the American frigate, may be 
ranked among the most brilliant eflforts of the war. 

No squadron of equal strength ever sailed from any coun- 
try, which accomplished more than did that under the com- 
mand of Commodore Bainbridge. The glorious achieve- 
ments of the Constitution, Essex, and Hornet, became thenies 
of general exultation. 



180 LIFE AND SERVICES Or 

When this gallant little squadron left the United States, 
the chance of return was thought to be improbable. The 
awful disparity of force against which our few national 
ships had to contend, while it excited the strongest appre- 
hensions on the part of our citizens, never for a moment 
caused our officers to falter, or to lessen their anxiety to 
measure strength and skill with an enemy who had hitherto 
undervalued them. All, however, that could be achieved 
by skill, patriotism, and undaunted hearts, was anticipated, 
for the fame of our naval heroes had been already blazoned 
on our national escutcheon. 

Notwithstanding these discouraging forebodings, the cruise 
proved of great importance to our country and disastrous to 
the enemy. — The destruction of a frigate and sloop of war, 
and a valuable packet ship on the coast of Brazil, by the 
Constitution and Hornet, the capture of twelve valuable mer- 
chant ships, and the recapture of a number of American 
ships which had fallen into the hands of the enemy in the 
Pacific ocean, by the Essex, were exploits of no common cha- 
racter. 

It is said that Captain Porter captured and destroyed pro- 
perty belonging to the enemy, to the amount of at least two 
and a half millions of dollars, while his presence in those seas 
had preserved from capture an equal amount of American 
propert}^ 

A very short period before Commodore Bainbridge re- 
turned from his successful cruise, a law was passed by Con- 
gress to authorize the building of three line-of-battle ships. 
As one of these was to be laid at the Boston navy yard, he 
was requested to superintend the building of it. With this 
view he resigned the command of the Constitution in March, 
1813, and accepted an appointment to the navy yard at 
Charlestown, and of the eastern naval stations, which in- 
cluded Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Maine, 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 181 

As there was no convenience for either building or re- 
pairing ships at this navy yard, the commodore submitted 
plans, with an estimate, for the erection of wharves, ways, 
and store-houses, to the secretary of the navy. To these 
recommendations, the government consented; and measures 
were at once taken to prepare the yard for building the In- 
dependence seventy-four. So active was he in urging for- 
ward the improvements, that on the eighteenth of August 
her keel was laid, which was the first line-of-battle ship 
which had been commenced in the United States. As the 
frame of this ship was moulded in the years 1798-'99 and 
1800, in conformity to a draught then made, the commo- 
dore found it impossible to construct her upon the form and 
dimensions which he deemed most advisable. 

He then thought it important that all our national ships 
should exceed in size and equipment the same class in the 
possession of the enemy. By having them so constructed, 
victory would be rendered certain in all single combats. 

If our ships were larger, and contained a greater force 
than those of other nations, they could not cruise against us 
ship for ship. In single fights we could conquer, and soon af- 
terwards be in a condition to commence another engagement, 
a matter of great importance, so long as our navy is so 
much inferior in point of numbers. These views were re- 
peatedly urged on the secretary of the navy until adopted, 
and all vessels built since that period have been construct-^ 
ed in accordance with the above suggestions. 

While Commodore Bainbridge commanded the Boston sta- 
tion, the United States' frigate Chesapeake sailed from that 
harbour to encounter the British frigate Shannon, then in 
the offing. The result of this action, and the causes which 
led to it, are familiarly known to the nation. The joy 
which this Victory awakened in England, and the honours 
which were conferred on Captain Broke, afford the highest 
complintient which our little navy had previously received. 



182 LIFE AND SERVICES OP 

When, before, were the Tower guns fired for the capture 
of a single frigate ? The English now proclaimed, that all 
their previous defeats resulted from the superiority in the 
force of the United States vessels, and that victory would 
always perch on their standard, whenever the strength and 
weight of metal of the contending ships were perfectly 
equal. They have a perfect right to explain their nume- 
rous disasters in their own way, but this declaration is, for 
the most part, incorrect; for in several of the engagements, 
the forces on each side were perfectly equal, and in the 
instance of the United States ship Wasp, and British brig 
of war Frolic, the superiority was on the side of the enemy, 
the latter having four more guns than the former. 

These attempts, which were made to lessen the impor- 
tance of our naval victories, were reiterated throughout the 
British press, until our officers felt no small degree of indig- 
nation. Under the influence of such feeling. Commodore 
Bainbridge addressed a letter to the secretary of the navy 
on the subject, of which the following is an extract. 

" We have two frigates, rated thirty-six guns — the Con- 
gress and Constellation, and should the latter vessel be with- 
out a commander, and Admiral Warren will agree to an 
engagement between her and the best thirty-eight gun fri- 
gate under his command, I beg leave to offer my services 
on that occasion, as commander of the frigate Constella- 
tion." 

This bold movement on the part of the commodore was 
not encouraged by the government, though it applauded the 
spirit and patriotism in which it originated. The govern- 
ment did not consider that challenges to single combat were 
strictly within the bounds of national morals; but when they 
grew out of circumstances beyond the control of the execu- 
tive, it was not necessarily considered a subject for inquiry, 
or of condemnation. 

If zeal for the character and honour of the navy, ani- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 183 

mated by heroic aspirations for military glory, induced an 
officer to offer combat on equal terms, and when so situated 
as not to require the approbation of his government, then 
neither public feeling nor national dignity is, in any degree, 
otfended. 

By the loss of the frigate Chesapeake, our naval signals 
fell into the hands of the enemy. This circumstance ren- 
dered the preparation of a new code necessary; and Com- 
modores Bain bridge, Decatur and Hull, were constituted a 
board, with directions from the secretary of the navy to per- 
form this dut}'. 

The attention of the officers who w^ere associated with 
him being engaged, at that period, in other important du- 
ties, Bainbridge prepared the signals himself, and transmit- 
ted them to the navy department. The private signals 
were so formed, as to make a discovery of them impossible, 
except through treachery. The numerical, private, day, 
night and fog signals were highly approved of, and were im- 
mediately introduced into the navy. The system of naval 
telegraph, thus hastily prepared, has continued in use ever 
since. 

Commodore Bainbridge had often observed w-ith concern, 
that great abuses were practised by commanders in the re- 
pair and equipment of vessels, arising from their various 
tastes and predilections. In a communication to the navy 
department, he stated, that he wished to see some regula- 
tions adopted for the government of officers while engaged 
on this duty. He lamented to witness the capricious dispo- 
sition of commanders to alter and undo what had been pre- 
viously executed by a predecessor; being always attended 
with considerable expense, and the alteration was as fre- 
quently injurious as beneficial. He deprecated this idle and 
improper course, and expressed the opinion that it could not 
be prevented without some positive regulation on the sub- 
ject by the navy department. In consequence of these rep- 
resentations. Commodores Bainbridge and Morris were di- 



184 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

rected to report a code of rules and regulations on this sub- 
ject. In the autumn of 1813 these regulations had been 
digested and arranged, and soon afterwards reported to the 
navy department. They were acknowledged to be most 
useful and instructive. 

During the autumn of 1813, and spring of 1814, Commo- 
dore Bainbridgc had advanced rapidly in his improvements 
of the navy yard at Charlestown. The hull of the seventy- 
four was in progress— the sloops of war, Frolic and Wasp, 
named after the captvu'ed ships, were built under his direc- 
tion, and were equipped, and sailed in February under the 
commands of Captains Joseph Bainbridge and Blakely. 

The frigate Constitution was also thoroughly repaired, 
and sailed in December, 1813, under the command of Com- 
modore Stewart. Always blest with able commanders, of- 
ficers, and crews, she soon proved again triumphant, and 
was not long in returning to port with a small frigate and 
sloop of war in her train. 

In northern climates, it is found impracticable for mecha- 
nics to labour advantageously during the inclement season 
of winter. Anxious to urge forward the completion of the 
seventy-four as rapidly as possible, Commodore Bainbridge 
proposed, in a letter to the secretary of the navy, dated 
August 21.st, 1813, to consti'uct houses over the ship's zvays, 
then building at Charlestown and Portsmouth. The work- 
men being thus protected, would be able not only to labour 
ivith more celerity, but with more neatness and efficiency. 
The vessels themselves, if not sooner required, might remain 
on the stocks for half a century, without suffering any ma- 
terial deterioration. The advantages proposed were so appa- 
rent, that the secretary of the navy did not hesitate to au- 
thorize the immediate erection of the houses. 

Similar houses have since been erected at all the build- 
ing yards in the United States. By this improvement, me- 
chanics are enabled to labour throughout the winter, with 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 185 

as much advantage to the public, and convenience to them- 
selves, as in the pleasant months of summer. 

The distinguished British naval architect, Sir Robert Sep- 
pings, having learned from this experiment, the great advan- 
tages of such structures, he suggested to the board of admi- 
ralty, in the year 181G, to direct similar cditices to be erected 
at all the principal navy yards in that kingdom. 



24 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 187 



CHAPTER IX. 



Ports of New England threatened by the Enemy — Exertions made tb 
protect the Harbour of Boston — Letters to General Brooks — Boston 
Committee — How received — Harrison Gray Otis addresses the Town 
Meeting — Plan of Defence — Blockade of the Harbour removed — Pro- 
poses a Cruise for the Independence — Proposes the Formation of a 
Navy Board — War declared against Algiers — Commissioners to form 
a Treaty of Peace — Peace made — A Misunderstanding with the Go- 
vernor of Malaga — Return to Gibraltar — Orders to Captain Shaw — 
Arrives in Boston — A Letter from Mr. Monroe and Mr. Crowninshield 
— A Letter to Mr. Felsh — Officers placed on Half Pay— A Proposi- 
tion to reduce the Navy. 



In the early part of the summer of 1814, it was appre- 
hended that a powerful land and naval force was preparing 
at Hahfax and Bermuda, destined for the destruction of the 
principal sea ports in New England. The navy yards of 
Boston and Portsmouth were the points which most invited 
attacks. The seventy-fours, frigates, and smaller vessels 
now moored at these places, together with the valuable naval 
and military stores, were thought important objects, which 
it was for the interest of Great Britain to destroy. 

Commodore Bainbridge made every exertion which his 
limited means would warrant to afford protection to the na- 



188 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

tional properly. The Independence seventy-four was 
launched, guns were mounted on board of her, and so an- 
chored in connexion with the frigate Constitution as to rake 
the harbour, and intilade any squadron of boats which might 
attempt to carry the navy yard by assault. He erected, be- 
sides, three small batteries on the eastern embankment of the 
yard, on which w^ere mounted twenty-four cannon, placed a 
line of palisades across the wharf, and mounted some heavy 
cannon in the rear of them, which commanded the passage 
to the yard. He placed other guns so as to enable him to 
rake the estuary of the Mystic river. A chain of sentinels 
were stationed round the yard and wdiarf, and every prepa- 
ration made for a vigorous defence. The militia of Charles- 
town and Boston volunteered their services, mounted guard 
in different parts of the town, and manifested a patriotic de- 
termination to contribute to the defence of the station. As 
the enemy now appeared off the harbour with a large force, 
the commodore deemed it prudent to confer with the adju- 
tant general of the state in relation to the adoption of such 
measures as might conduce to the protection of the navy 
yard and harbour of Boston. Owing, however, to causes 
which the commodore could not comprehend, he did not 
observe that zeal and activity manifested by the state au- 
thorities which the alarming emergency required. Feeling 
deeply the responsibility of his situation, he endeavoured to 
av\'aken in them, by the following communications, a dispo- 
sition more congenial with his own. 

^' JVavy Yard, CharJestown, 
''June the 12lh, 1814. 

*' Sir, 

" I entertained a hope that I would have heard from you 
before this on the subject of my verbal communications. 

'' The force of the enemy at the mouth of our harbour 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 189 

has been increased ; and, from their known character for 
enterprise, I think an attack on this place a probable event:, 
unless some measures of defence are speedily adopted to pre- 
vent it. With the enemy at our threshold, when the inte- 
rests of both the general and state government are in jeo- 
pardy, I sincerely hope it will not be a question which of 
them shall repel the assault. If the enemy should enter 
these waters with a view to the destruction of this estab- 
lishment, the resistance which most assuredly will be made, 
must endanger the towns of Boston and Cliarlestown. 

*' Feeling, as I sincerely do, for the interest and safety of 
this section of our country in the present hour of peril, I shall 
exert all the means within m}^ power, not only for the pro- 
tection of this important post, but for the security of the 
harbour and town of Boston. 

" You will oblige me by laying this communication before 
his excellency, the governor of the commonwealth of Massa- 
chusetts, and by informing me of his excellency's determina- 
tion on the subject, you will oblige, 

" Dear sir, yours with sentiments 
" of high respect, 

" WM. BAINBRIDGE. 

^' General John Brooks, 

" Adjutant General of, &c." 

•' A^avy Yard, Charleslown, 
" Jime 13th, 1814. 
*« Sir, 

" The force of the enemy in Boston Bay justifies, in my 
opinion, apprehensions of an attack being made on this place, 
and calls for united exertions to repel it. 

" The important public property intrusted to my charge 
within this establishment, might, in such an event, suffer 
severely, and would, in a considerable degree, expose the 
-towns of Boston and Charlestown. I hope, therefore, that 



190 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

such measures will be adopted, as shall guard against the 
threatening danger. 

"I beg leave to particularly recommend that orders be 
given to the militia in this neighbourhood to hold themselves 
in readiness to act immediately when they hear the signal of 
alarm ; that a guard with two pieces of artillery be sta- 
tioned on this side of Chelsea Bridge to give the alarm, and 
to repel the enemy if advanchig by that passage ; and that 
videttes be placed on the heights beyond Chelsea meeting- 
house, to watch the movements of the enemy, and to make 
them known, if of moment. 

" Should his excellency the governor be pleased to direct 
the foregoing arrangements to be made, it will contribute 
to the safety of the United States' property within this navy 
yard, and the capital of the state. 

" Annexed are the signals v»'hich will be made in case of 
alarm, when the assistance of five or six hundred militia 
might prove of the utmost importance to the preservation of 
the public stores, and the national vessels at this place. 

" I am, dear sir, &c., &c., 
"WM. BAINBRIDGK 

" General Brooks," &c., &c. 

A part only of the measures recommended by Commodore 
Bainbridge were acceded to, and adopted. 

A committee w-as directed by the governor and council to 
propose to him to remove the line-of-battle ship and frigate 
below forts Independence and Warren. The commodore 
informed the committee that he had disposed of his force 
according to his best judgment, and could not act in obe- 
dience to suggestions which he deemed unsound. If the 
ships were removed to the situation proposed, the forts could 
not co-operate with them, and they would be subject to the 
same fire as the fleet of the enemy, by which the two most 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 191 

commanding works for the protection of the town of Boston 
would thus be rendered inefficient. 

The committee observed that the public ships were the 
exclusive objects of attack ; and if the Independence and 
Constitution remained at their present anchorage, the fire of 
the enemy would be drawn on the towns of Boston and 
Charlestown, and thus involve them in the ruin of the na- 
tional property. Bainbridge wuth warmth replied, that the 
government had confided to him an important command, 
and no temporizing expedients would induce him to alter 
the system of defence which he had originally planned. He 
was then asked, that if the people of Boston should decline 
all measures of defence, in consequence of his refusing to 
move the ships to the places proposed, whether that consi- 
deration would not induce him to yield 1 to which he firmly 
replied, JVb, nor any other consideration whatever. If the 
people of Boston, he added, should refuse to defend their 
houses and property, they alone must be answerable for the 
neglect. The public property did not belong to any parti- 
cular administration, but to the nation, and he regretted to 
observe that a portion, he believed a very small portion of 
the citizens of that vicinity, in manifesting a hostility to the 
one, should give evidence of a want of proper zeal in their 
duty to the other. For his own part, he would act like an 
American, and do all that was incumbent on him as an of- 
ficer of the United States. 

Bainbridge informed the committee that he was deter- 
mined to defend his command to the last extremity, let the 
consequences be what they might. If the citizens chose to 
make their interests a separate one from that of the nation, 
let the terrible consequences fall where they deserve. Duty 
and honour dictated the course which he should pursue. 

Other attempts were made by individual consultations to 
induce the commodore to change his plan of defence ; but he 



192 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

remained firm to his purpose, and devoted his whole ener- 
gies to the organization and proper disposition of his force. 

The danger evidently increasing towards autumn, the 
President of the United States transmitted to Major General 
Dearborn the necessary instructions for the defence of the 
north-eastern mihtary district. This officer's exertions were 
not seconded by proper zeal on the part of the executive of 
the state. The requisitions which were made on him by the 
President of the United Stales, to detach a body of mihtia to 
garrison the forts on the sea-coast, were not obeyed, and he 
refused to co-operate with General Dearborn for the com- 
mon defence. The executive alleged that an officer of the 
general government had no constitutional claim to call out 
and command the militia, except in cases W'here it was ne- 
cessary " to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrec- 
tion, and to repel invasion." Such exigencies he thought 
had not presented themselves. This doctrine has been since 
formally repudiated by the legislature of Massachusetts. 

The variance of opinion between tiie state and national 
executives, tended greatly to increase the general alarm. It 
Wcis found difficult to properly man all our forts from the 
reo-ular army, and to prevent the devastating excursions 
which marked the conduct of the enemy on tiie southern 
coast. The British army, now re-enforced by the victorious 
troops of Wellington, seconded by a powerful navy, threat- 
ened our country throughout our maritime frontier. Added 
to this, the district of Maine was conquered as far as Penob- 
scot, the city of Washington conflagrated, Baltimore assailed, 
and many villages on the Chesapeake plundered and laid 
in ashes, and still the spirit of the Revolution slumbered. 

The patriotic of both political parties, however, urged the 
necessity of the immediate adoption of such measures as 
the crisis demanded. Meetings were called throughout the 
sea-board to recommend the adoption of strong measures for 
the common defence. 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 193 

A public call was made on the citizens of Boston to as- 
semble for this purpose, and previously to the day on which 
they were to meet, Commodore Bainbridge addressed the 
subjoined letter to the Honourable Harrison Gray Otis. This 
gentleman, to his honour be it said, warmly participated 
in the discussion of the day, and by his eloquence infused 
such zeal into the breasts of his auditory, as to cause them 
to adopt, without hesitation, the salutary measures recom- 
mended by the patriotic Bainbridge. 

'\JVavy Yard, Charlestowti, 
"September 3d, 1814. 
" Sir, 

" At the approaching town meeting I sincerely hope you 
will advocate preparatory measures of defence. The in- 
fluence of your opinion is great, and believe me if you exert 
it to that object you will render essential benefit to your 
country, and protection to your native town. I am decided- 
ly of opinion, that if the following measures should be adopted, 
the citizens of Boston and its vicinity may sleep in perfect 
security, viz : 

" A battery on Noddle's Island of heavy cannon ; tempo., 
rary breast-works on North End Battery wharf, May's, and 
Long wharves, to mount four or six eighteen pounders each ; 
a few cannon placed on Dorchester Flats and Heights; 
three eighteen pounders on Long Island Head, with a picket 
guard of forty or fifty men ; videttes stationed on Chelsea 
Woods and Heights, and on Nantucket Heights ; redoubts 
on the Neck, west end of Chelsea and of Maiden Bridges; 
with proper arrangements to destroy those bridges, on the 
approach of an enemy, would, in my opinion, give complete 
security against any views or objects that the enemy might 
have against us. 

" 1 have no hesitation in pledging my opinion as an officer, 
that the adoption of these measures, would, in all moral pro- 
25 



194 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

bability, secure us from any attack of the enemy ; if not, it 
would certainly enable us to make a better defence, and I 
doubt not an honourable one. 

" The defence, by these precautionary measures, would be 
much less than at a first view of the subject might be con- 
ceived. You may naturally suppose, my dear sir, that I feel 
great responsibility, and have great desire to be secure in 
the important trust committed to me; but I pray you, how- 
ever, not to form hasty misconceptions on this communica- 
tion. I assuredly feel the importance of my command, and 
the duty I owe to my country; and I trust, with the fullest 
confidence, that the naval force in the harbour under my 
direction, will do its duty faithfully, in the event of an attack. 
I have, therefore, no apprehensions on that head, for I may 
gain public approbation in an able defence. 

" Yet, sir, I am deeply interested for the safety of the 
towns of Boston and Charlestown in such an event, and 
should be highly gratified at the adoption of such measures 
for their defence, (as much as for the national property 
within my command,) as it is in the power of the common- 
wealth to apply. I wish to see measures taken for the se- 
curity of all, which could be so readily and cheaply ap- 
plied. 

" These observations, thrown hastily together, after mid- 
night, will, I am confident, be received by you with that dis- 
position which the friendship which subsists between us au- 
thorizes me to anticipate. 

"Believe me to be, with great respect, 
*' Your ob't. servant, 

« WM. BAINBRIDGE." 

By his patriotic importunities, and devoted zeal as an offi- 
cer, sustained as he was by many of the most eminent citizens 
of Boston, and by the public voice, the resources of the state 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 195 

were at length fully drawn forth. The militia were called 
out, redouhts and breast-works were erected, hulks nnoored 
in the channel, and prepared to be sunk on the approach of 
the enemy, and such other arrangements as the times and 
the occasion seemed to require. As the commodore had 
predicted, these preparations completely secured Boston and 
its dependencies from any attack from the enemy. The 
British commanding officer, learning that the spirit of the 
people was roused, and that every arrangement was made 
to give them a rough reception, very prudently changed his 
determination with regard to his contemplated onset, and 
directed his course to the south. 

It is due to the people of Boston, as well as to Commodore 
Bainbridge, to state, that he never for a moment doubted 
their patriotism, and always attributed the want of zeal 
■which he lamented, to the effects of former political feuds, 
of which they could not divest themselves until danger 
threatened. When the peril was the greatest, they boldly 
marched to the rescue, and thus proved that the stout hearts 
of the Revolution continued to beat for their country. 

Being now relieved from all painful apprehensions with 
regard to the navy yard and line-of-battle ship, he urged the 
carpenters to complete her as fast as practicable. After she 
was rigged, and only waited for her guns and crew to be 
prepared for a cruise, Commodore Bainbridge signified his 
wishes to the secretary of the navy in the following private 
letter. 

" JVavy Yard, Charleslown, 
"October 22, 1813. 
" Mv DEAR Sir, 

" I feel extremely anxious to get to sea during this win- 
ter, to establish the fact that we are able successfully to fight 
Great Britain in other classes of vessels besides those of fri- 
gates and sloops of war. By having the guns sent to me, 



196 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

and a draught of men from the lakes, I could employ an ex- 
cellent ship on a cruise against the enemy, and if not as suc- 
cessful as I could wish, will not, I pledge you, detract from 
the reputation of the navy. If you think it possihle that 
the hidcpendence can be got to sea this winter, I would be 
very much obliged to you to inform me of it, and to permit 
me to give you my ideas of a plan for her cruise. 

" In fact, I would willingly travel to Washington to com- 
municate with you verbally on so desirable an object. Be- 
lieving as I do, that the war must inevitably continue some 
time longer, before the enemy will be disposed to treat on 
terms compatible with our national honour and interest; and 
the more we make her pride and commerce feel our exer- 
tions, the sooner will she recover from the delusion into which 
she has been thrown by her past success, which has been 
for many years almost uninterrupted. 

" It will take, comparatively speaking, but a small sum td 
get the Independence to sea ; and if she is sent, I pledge my 
life that you will be gratified with the cruise. 

" Do you not think that an advisable cruise might be made 
wuth the Independence, a frigate, and a small tender in the 
China seas? The British trade in that quarter is immensely 
valuable; and besides, I might come athwart a small squad- 
ron of the enemy, such as would not exceed in strength that 
under my own command. 

" With hopes of soon hearing from you, 
" I am very sincerely yours, 

"WM. BAINBRIDGE. 
" The Honourable Wm, Jones, ^ 
" Secretary of the Navy." 3 

The secretary of the navy was made fully sensible of the 
importance of getting the line-of-battle ship on a cruise a's 
early as possible ; but the transportation of her guns from the 
5outh ]>y land during the winter senson was considered im- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGR. 197 

practicable. The danger of capture forbid a coast convey- 
ance. From these circumstances, the secretary of the navy 
decided to wait until the return of good roads, before any at- 
tempt should be made to forward the necessary armament. 

While the commodore was thus anxiously waiting for the 
period to arrive when he might again try his fortune on an 
element, which but a short time before had witnessed his 
brilliant success, the news of Peace with England reached 
this country. Though this intelligence was received by him, 
for many reasonsv with much gratification, yet it added to 
the poignancy of the regrets which he had previously felt, 
that he had been unable to get to sea the previous autumn, 
in order that he might have had an opportunity of endea- 
vouring to break the charm of British invincibility in their 
own favourite class of vessels. 

Long experience in naval concerns, convinced Commo- 
dore Bainbridge that the administration of the navy never 
can be wisely conducted without professional knowledge. 
In a letter to a member of the naval committee, in answer 
to a communication on the subject of rules and regulations 
for the government of the navy, he remarks : 

" I am decidedly of opinion that the desirable object which 
your committee has been instructed to obtain cannot be ef- 
fectually or successfully accomplished without the aid of a 
board of naval commissioners composed of the best nautical 
skill of your naval service. 

"Officers thus appointed would be enabled to create and 
digest a system for the better government of the navy, and 
report the same for the approbation and confirmation of Con- 
gress. The advantage would be not only in having a sys- 
tem in theory, but, with such assistance to the secretary of 
the navy, it would be practically adopted. To expect any 
secretary of the navy, hov^^ever well qualified for the sta- 
'tion, to be enabled to perform all the multifarious duties 



198 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

which at present devolve upon him, would be expecting im- 
possibilities, which I am confident any gentleman who has 
filled it will readily acknowledge. 

" The organization of a system so complicated as the 
whole of a naval establishment, cannot be immediately regu- 
lated. To correct abuses and create improvements will re- 
quire time, and can be only done by competent and faithful 
officers invested with proper power. I am certain that in 
less than one year after the appointment of a board of able 
commissioners, the propriety and advantages of such a mea- 
sure v/ould be fully demonstrated." 

In conformity to the above recommendation, the secretary 
of the navy submitted to Congress a project for the establish- 
ment of a board of naval commissioners. At the close of the 
session of 18 14-' 15, such a board was authorized by law, 
and was soon afterwards organized. Commodore Bainbridge 
was not appointed one of the first naval commissioners, as 
he was then engaged in another important service. He was, 
however, the first to suggest the necessity of establishing this 
highly important improvement in the administration of the 
concerns of the navy. 

Shortly after the commencement of hostilities with Great 
Britain, war was declared against the United States by the 
regency of Algiers. Having happily adjusted our difficul- 
ties with England, our government made hasty preparations 
to protect our valuable commerce in the Mediterranean. Con- 
gress declared war against Algiers, on the second of March, 
1815. Two squadrons were ordered to be fitted out imme- 
diately; one at Boston, under the command of Commodore 
Bainbridge, and the other at New York, under the command 
of Commodore Decatur. The latter squadron sailed first, 
though both were to be united under the command of Bain- 
Ijridge on his arrival in the Mediterranean. 

Commodores Bainbridge, Decatur, and William Shaler, 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGK. 199 

Esq., consul general of Barbary, were appointed commission- 
ers to negotiate a treaty of peace with the regency of Al- 
giers. 

On the thirteenth of June, the squadron commanded by 
Decatur, arrived at Gibraltar — on the seventeenth fell in 
with and captured the Algerine frigate Mazouda off Cape 
De Gatte, and on the nineteenth took a large man-of-war 
brig off Cape Palos. He sent the captured vessels into Car- 
thagena, and proceeded at once to Algiers, where, after a few 
days, an advantageous treaty of peace was negotiated. 

The squadron under the command of Commodore Bain- 
bridge arrived in the Mediterranean on the fifth of August, 
and learning that hostilities had terminated, he wrote the 
subjoined letter to the secretary of the navy. 

" Peace having taken place with the regency of Algiers^ 
it only now remains for me to obey your instructions, by 
exhibiting the squadron off Tunis and Tripoli, and by leaving 
one frigate and two smaller vessels near the Gut of Gibral- 
tar, and then return to New^port, with the remainder of the 
squadron, where I shall expect to arrive some time in No- 
vember next," 

Learning that some difficulty had occurred between the 
Bashaw of Tripoli and Tunis, and the United States con- 
suls residing there, Bainbridge proceeded to these ports, and 
on his way touched at Algiers with the view of exhibiting 
the additional naval force under his command. He was well 
aware of the importance of giving the Dey ocular demon- 
stration of the extent and resources of the naval power of 
this country. Faithless as regards political obligations, the 
only way by which the friendship of this people can be pre- 
served, is by operating on their fears. 

The misunderstandings both at Tunis and Tripoli had 
been adjusted by Decatur, before the arrival of the second 
squadron. Commodore Bainbridge was informed, however. 



200 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

by the several consuls, that the display of his squadron im- 
mediately after the departure of that under the command 
of Commodore Decatur, had a happy influence in checking 
the pride and rapacity of the Barhary chiefs. By thus af- 
fording them an evidence, not only of the extent and re- 
sources of the United States, but of their prompt disposition 
to repel encroachments on their maritime rights, she would 
secure a lasting peace and courteous treatment to our agents. 
The friendly relations which have since subsisted between the 
United States and these regencies, afford the best proof of 
the character of the impression which was then made. 

The squadron soon afterwards sailed for Malaga, and while 
lying at anchor in that harbour, a seaman deserted from the 
line-of-battle ship Independence. The deserter was seized 
in the streets by one of the United States' officers ; but upon 
declaring himself a Spanish subject, and claiming protection 
as such, he was released by a military guard, and carried 
to the quarters of the general of marine. The commodore 
being informed of these transactions, waited on the governor, 
and demanded the restoration of the deserter. The gover- 
nor referred him to the general of marine, on whom he 
called and made a similar demand, which was peremptorily 
refused. The commodore returned to the governor, and as- 
sured him that unless the seaman was restored immediately, 
he was determined to take him by force. He considered his 
detention an insult to the flag of his country, which should 
not be submitted to with impunity. If this man had been 
secreted in a private house, he should not use violence to re- 
cover him ; but being detained by an officer of the Spanish 
government, he must consider the act as hostile to the United 
States, and act accordingly. 

On departing from the house of the governor, he declared 
in a tone which sufficiently indicated his determined pur- 
pose, that unless the man was sent on board the Indepen- 



COMMODORE BAJNBRIDGE. 201 

dence in half an hour, he would land five hundred men, and 
take him from the quarters of the general of marine. If 
resistance were made, he would open the fire of the squad- 
ron upon the town. This firm conduct so speedily worked a 
change in the sentiments of the governor and general of 
marine, that the commodore had scarcely reached the boat 
when the seaman was delivered by a guard of soldiers. 

A few days after these transactions he sailed hence for 
Gibraltar, where it was his intention to await the arrival of 
the first squadron. On entering the harbour he saluted the 
garrison with seventeen guns, which was returned with only 
fifteen. Though the commodore was satisfied that this omis- 
sion was either the result of accident, or a misunderstanding, 
yet, always alive to the honour of the flag which proudly 
waved over his squadron, he never would suflTer it, from any 
cause, to be treated with disrespect. He therefore despatched 
an ofiicer to request that an equal number of guns be re- 
turned to the salute which he had fired. Governor Don 
promptly ordered this to be done — explained the cause of 
the omission, and offered an apology which was entirely sa- 
tisfactory. 

So soon as the object of the expedition was attained, he 
was directed by the secretary of the navy, to detail a fri- 
gate and two sloops of war, for the protection of our com- 
merce in the Mediterranean, and return with the rest of the 
squadron to the United States. As this force was not con- 
sidered altogether sufficient, he took upon himself the re- 
sponsibility of adding to it another frigate. The command 
of this little squadron was conferred on Captain Shaw, to 
whom he gave the following orders. 

" Sir, 

" I shall leave the following vessels in the MediteiTa- 
nean, viz. the frigates United States and Constellation, and 
26 



202 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

sloops of war Ontario and Erie; and as you will be the se- 
nior officer, the command will devolve on you. 

" The object of leaving this force is to watch the conduct 
of the Barbary powers, particularly that of Algiers, — to 
guard against, as far as the force under your command can 
do, any depredations they may be disposed to commit, and 
"to give protection to the commerce of the citizens of the 
United States. 

" For your rendezvous, you will select Gibraltar, Cadiz, 
or Malaga, whichever may, in your judgment, appear most 
advantageous. Enclosed is a list of articles daily expected 
in the United States ships John Adams and Alert, and 
which are to be disposed of agreeably to the directions on 
said list, when the vessels must be ordered to proceed, with 
the least possible delay, to New York. 

" You must occasionally show the force under your com- 
mand off Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, and keep up a regular 
communication with William Shaler, Esq., our consul at 
Algiers. Keep the navy department informed of your move- 
ments, and the state of our affairs with Barbary. 
" I am, sir, 

" Your obedient servant, 
"WM. BAINBRIDGE." 

Having made the necessary arrangements for the protec- 
tion of our commerce against the pirates of Barbary, Com- 
modore Bainbridge sailed from Gibraltar on the sixth of Oc- 
tober, and safely arrived in Nev^^port on the fifteenth of No- 
vember, 1815. The vessels under his immediate command, 
added to those which he had stationed in the Mediterranean, 
formed the largest squadron which was ever before fitted 
cut in the United States. 

The health and discipline of the crew — the neatness and 
perfect equipment of the vessels, together with the correct 
&.nd gentleman-like deportment of the officers, made a fa- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGK. 303 

vourable impression, and elicited expressions of admiratioi^ 
wherever the squadron appeared. Though suflScient time 
had hardly elapsed to wear away the asperities occasioned 
by the recent war with Great Britain, yet, whenever their 
officers met ours, there existed the utmost courtesy. His 
Excellency Governor Don was in every way cordial, but 
particularly so to Commodore Bainbridge. 

This prompt display of our naval strength, so soon after 
the termination of hostilities with Great Britain, evinced 
both the ability and disposition of the United States, to af- 
ford protection to our citizens and commerce in all situa- 
tions. 

Before the authorities of Barbary had received an inti- 
mation of the restoration of peace with the great naval 
power of Europe, our squadron appeared before their capi- 
tals — had captured several of their vessels, and soon after- 
wards made Algiers sue for peace — obliged Tunis to refund 
the amount of American property which they permitted the 
English cruisers to take out of their harbour — and com- 
pelled Tripoli to offer an apology for the insult offered to 
the United States consul, and again to hoist the flag of the 
United States over the consul's house, accompanied by a 
salute of twenty-four guns. Most of these ends were 
achieved by Commodore Decatur before the arrival of 
Bainbridge, yet the government was perfectly pleased and 
gratified with the manner in which he performed the duties 
assigned to him, as will appear from the following letters 
from the secretaries of state and of the navy. 

" Department of State, 
" December 5, 1815. 
" Sir, 

" I have had the honour to receive your letters of Sep- 
tember the sixth, and November the fifteenth, communicating 
the movements of the squadron under your command, in the 



204 LIFE AlfD SERVICES OF 

late expedition to the Mediterranean, and to submit them 
to the consideration of the President. 

" I am instructed to inform you, that all the measures 
which you adopted, in obedience to your orders in present- 
ing your squadron before Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, and 
in providing for the safety of our commerce in that sea, are 
approved by the President, and that he has the fullest con- 
fidence, had an opportunity been offered for signalizing the 
gallantry which you and the officers under you have dis- 
played on former occasions, that the result would have been 
equally glorious. 

" I have the honour to be, 
" Very respectfully, 

" Your obedient servant, 

"JAMES MONROE. 

" Commodore Bainbridge." 

" N'avy Depariment. 

" November 27, 1815. 

" Sir, 

" I have the honour to acknowledge your several letters 
of the 15th, 16th, and 19th, current. 

" The copies of correspondence and your journal have 
been submitted to the President of the United States, who 
has expressed his entire approbation of your conduct. I am 
happy in being the organ of communicating to you the sa- 
tisfaction which the President feels at the successful result 
of the expedition to the Mediterranean, in which your ser- 
vices are fully appreciated, from a conviction, that, had cir- 
cumstances rendered them farther necessary to the accom- 
plishment of the object, you would have added to the lustre 
of your fame, and nautical reputation, and fulfilled the, 
high expectations of your country and government. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE- 205 

" The judicious arrangements nmade under your direction, 
and the superior organization and discipUne of our ships, 
during the short and important period of your command, 
will receive the meed of praise and national respect to 
which you are justly entitled, while the ' marked allenlion,^ 
you have received from the officers of that nation, with 
which we were lately at war, must afford to you the high- 
est satisfaction, in reflecting upon the distinguished share 
you sustained in the glorious conflict which established our 
naval character. 

The other subjects of your letter, shall receive due con- 
sideration, and prompt attention. 

" I have the honour to be, 
" Sir, very respectfully, 

" Your obedient servant, 

''B. W. CROWNINSHIELD, 

" CbMMODORE BaINBRIDGE." 

Orders were transmitted to the commodore, to send part 
of the squadron under his command to New York, and 
proceed with the remainder to Boston, where, with the ex- 
ception of the Independence, they were all dismantled and 
placed in ordinary. 

Commodore Bainbridge continued in command of the In- 
dependence, and of the Boston station for several years. 
During this period, his favourite ship was supplied with her 
full complement of officers, and about two-thirds of her 
crew. From the perfect condition of this vessel, and from 
the high state of discipline maintained, she was the admira- 
tion of the numerous visiters with which she was daily ho- 
noured. 

Anxious to afford the officers under his command all the 
opportunities for improvement which he could control, he 



206 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

established a school in the navy yard, which was placed, by 
the following order, under the direction of the Rev. Mr. 
Felsh, a chaplain of the navy. 

" United States^ ship Independence, 

" Boston Harbour, December 10, 1815. 
« Sir, 

" I have to direct, that you open a naval school within 
the navy yard at Charlestown, in such apartments as Cap- 
tain Hull may assign to you, for the purpose of instructing 
the officers of the squadron in those branches of mathema- 
tics, which appertain to their profession. 

" The school must be opened every day in the week, Sun- 
day excepted, — the hours of study must be from nine, A. M. 
to one, P. M, You will daily report to me the names of the 
officers who attend. Once a fortnight, you will make to me 
a general report of the respective branches of study in 
which each officer is engaged, accompanied with candid re- 
inarks on their conduct, attention, and progress. 
" I am, &c. 

"WM. BAINBRIDGE. 

«' The Rev. Mr. Felsh." 

By thus giving the junior officers habits of study and in- 
dustry, he preserved their morals, and improved their pro- 
fessional acquirements. — To prevent the officers under his 
command, while in port, from falling into habits of idleness — 
a habit so easily acquired, and difficult to be shaken off, 
he made it an invariable rule to give them employ- 
ment. For this purpose he obliged the officers of the Inde- 
pendence to keep their regular watches, and to perform 
their duty precisely in the same way, which it would be 
necessary to do, if the ship were in daily expectation of 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 207 

sailing. — By this course, the younger officers acquired a 
knowledge of their duty, and by which, also, they were pre- 
vented from 

" living' dully, slug-gardized at home. 



Wearing out their youth with shapeless idleness." 

About this period an injudicious spirit of economy had 
well nigh proved destructive of our naval establishments. — 
Our ships, with but few exceptions, were directed to be 
placed in ordinary, and our officers placed on half pay. — By 
this policy, those gentlemen who had embarked their for- 
tunes in the service of their country would be forced, by 
necessity, either to direct their attention to other pursuits, 
to engage in the navy of a foreign government, or to lead 
an idle and listless life ; engendering habits of vice, not only 
injurious to their own characters, but to those officers with 
whom they might afterwards associate. Either course would 
necessarily have proved equally injurious to this important 
branch of the public service. 

Commodore Bainbridge was so deeply impressed with the 
destructive tendency of this measure, that he suffered no 
opportunity to pass without bestowing upon it the strongest 
expressions of reprobation. Being sustained in his views by 
many of the most intelligent citizens of our country, as well 
as by the officers, they were at last embraced by the go- 
vernment, and those that were more contracted and illibe- 
ral abandoned it, never again, it was hoped, to be re- 
vived. 

Though our economists were driven from the ground on 
this point, yet they soon afterwards discovered, that the 
services of certain officers could be dispensed with, and thus 
some ten or twenty thousand dollars would be saved by the 
government. — In conformity with these views, a bill was re- 
vported to Congress which authorized the dismissal of a num- 



208 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

ber of officers from each grade. — Believing that this mea- 
sure would prove as injurious as the one against which he 
had already remonstrated, he strongly opposed its passage 
into a law. — To a friend in Congress, who had asked his 
opinion on the subject, he replied, that — 

" This vascillating policy, but above all this ungratefril 
method of dismissing brave, intelligent, and useful officers, 
will ultimately lead to the worst consequences. It will not 
only weaken the bond of attachment which unites them to 
the government, but takes away all incitement to become 
qualified for the appointments which they hold, by a tenure 
so precarious. If an officer serves with an expectation of 
being discharged at the whim and caprice of changehng po- 
liticians, he will not apply himself to study the dry and un- 
interesting details of his duty, but direct his mind to other 
studies and pursuits, which promise him greater and more 
permanent advantages. 

"When a gentleman enters into military life, he should 
receive positive assurances, that so long as he conducts him- 
self with propriety, and uses his best endeavours to acquire 
a knowledge of his profession, he should be rewarded with 
the continued confidence of government, and honoured in 
time with a more elevated rank. Nothing less than such ex- 
pectations can reconcile a young man of pride and sensibi- 
lity to the privations, hardships, poverty, and vexations ne- 
cessarily attendant on his first appointment. 

"What can be more unjust or unfeeling, than, after an of- 
ficer has served faithfully, and fought bravely in the hum- 
ble walks of his profession, that he should be doomed to pe- 
nury and want, at a time when he has an indispensable 
right to an increase of rank and emolument ? Such treat- 
ment will diminish that confidence in the paternal and fos- 
tering care of government, which an officer should always 
be taught to entertain. As military men have not the ca- 
pacity to direct their attention to civil pursuits, they will he 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE, 209 

obliged by necessity to enter the service of other govern- 
ments, however revolting such a course may be to their feel- 
ings," 

The committee on naval affairs did not call up the bill 
they reported, from a conviction, which was afterwards ad- 
mitted, that much injury would result from the adoption of 
the measure proposed. The commodore had the satisfaction 
to again witness the destruction of a scheme fraught with 
mischief, and subversive of the best interests of the nation. 



27 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAINBRIDOE. 211 



CHAPTER X. 



Commodore Bairibridge ordered to select a Site for a Navy Yard — Ac- 
companies President Monroe in his Eastern Tour — Correspondence 
with General Hislop and Lieutenant Elliot — Freedom of the City of 
Albany — Visits Canada — Letter from the Earl of Dalhousie — Ordered 
to the Command of the Columbus — Sails for the Mediterranean — 
Settled Despatches at Gibraltar— General Don — Touches at Leghorn 
and Naples — The Revolution in Naples — General Nugent — Visits Sy- 
racuse, and the Barbary Capitals — Sends an Agent to Smyrna — Revo- 
cation of the Act exacting Duties on Provisions imposed by Spain 

Admiral Ruysch — Invitation to Genoa — Arrives in the Harbour of Tou- 
lon— Admiral Missiessy — Letter to the Secretary of the Navy — Arri- 
val of Commodore Jones. 



In the year 1817, the President of the United States was 
authorized by a resolution of Congress to direct an examina- 
tion of the eastern coast of the United States, in order that 
a proper site might be selected for a naval depot, rendez- 
vous and dock-yard. Commodore Bainbridge, Captains Evans 
and Perry, of the navy, and General Swift, and Colonel 
M'Crea of the engineer corps, were appointed commission- 
ers to make the necessary surveys, and examinations. The 
brigs of war, Prometheus and Enterprise, and Schooner 



212 LIFE AiVD SERVICES OF 

Lynx were properly manned and placed under the command 
of the commodore, for the purpose of carrying him and his 
associates to the different points which they had been directed 
to survey. 

While engaged in this service he received an invitation 
from President Monroe, wdio was then making a tour through 
the United States, to meet him at New London with the ves- 
sels then under his command. At the appointed time the 
commodore's little squadron arrived at the place assigned, 
and conveyed the president and suite to Newport. 

The commodore accompanied the chief magistrate, as one 
of his aids, as far as Portland by land; after which he was 
directed, in conjunction with General Swift, to examine the 
Penobscot river, and select proper sites for fortifications. Af- 
ter this duty was performed he resumed his command as se- 
nior officer of the Boston station. 

As his duties now did not engross much of his attention,' 
and possessing industry and an activity mind, he engaged 
in a correspondence with his friends in Congress, on the sub- 
ject of a reorganization of the navy. These letters are 
highly creditable to him as an officer of judgment and pene- 
tration, yet as they relate to circumstances which could be 
only interesting during the period at which they were writ- 
ten, I do not think it advisable to submit them to the pub- 
lic. 

During this season of leisure, he devoted no inconsidera- 
ble portion of his time to a correspondence with his nume- 
rous friends. — His letters evince an ardour of feeling, and a 
warmth of attachment, which is characteristic of his affec- 
tionate disposition. 

The following letter, addressed to his excellency General 
Hislop, then Governor of Bombay, is of this character. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 213 

"Boston, July 9, 1818. 
" My dear General, 

"Having this moment heard, that an officer of the British 
army is about to sail from this port to join your command in 
the East Indies, I eagerly avail myself of the opportunity to 
revive our acquaintance, and to tender to you the assurance 
of my sincere regard. In whatever situation you may be 
placed, you will always have the esteem of one who will ever 
feel a lively interest in your welfare. Though I was in- 
debted to the fortune of war for my first knowledge of you, 
yet the gallantry and firmness which you displayed on that 
occasion, and your subsequent conciliatory deportment, have 
made an impression upon mc which can never be eradi- 
cated. 

" Should the events connected with either peace or war 
bring us again together, I am certain that after our duty to 
our country is performed, we will meet as friends. — How de- 
lighted I should be to see you in the United States, in order 
that I might afford you a proof of my great respect for your 
character ; and at the same time to thank jou for the hand- 
some and liberal manner in which you have represented my 
conduct after your return to England. 

" This I feel the more sensibly from the circumstance of 
your making them during the period of war, when the feel- 
ings and passions are often too much excited, to allow us to 
do strict justice to an enemy. 

^' Since the termination of the war I have observed, with 
great satisfaction, that our respective governments entertain 
a higher respect for each other than they did previously to 
the occurrence of that event. It is the true interest of each 
to cherish such sentiments, and that they may continue to 
do so, is my ardent wish. 

" I should be greatly gratified to hear from you, and be 



214 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

assured, you have no friend who would be more pleased to 
learn of your welfare. I pray you to rest assured of the un- 
feigned-friendship and esteem of, 

" WILLIAM BAINBPaDGE." 

The generous warmth of feeling, which breathes through 
this letter, corresponds with the general tone of his letters 
of friendship. The numerous letters which he has left on 
file, prove that he is capable of inspiring his correspondents 
with congenial sentiments. — The following letter from Gene- 
ral Hislop is of this nature, and is an interesting testimonial 
of friendship, commenced under very peculiar circumstances. 

"Madras, March 14lh, 1819. 
" My dear Sir, 

" I have been highly gratified by the receipt of your very 
kind and friendly letter of the 9th of July last, which came 
to hand about a week ago, having been forwarded from Cal- 
cutta. Accept in consequence, my dear sir, of my most sin- 
cere and grateful thanks for your friendly remembrance of 
me, and be always assured, that the recollection on my part of 
the liberal and generous treatment, together with the perso- 
nal kind attention which I and every other officer with me, 
who by the fortune of war became your prisoners, (after the 
hard fought action which terminated in the capture of the 
Java, by the frigate Constitution under your command) has 
made an impression of gratitude which no time or circum- 
stances can eflface. — It was from sentiments arising out of 
those feelings, which impelled me to take every occasion after 
my arrival in England from the Brazils to render you that 
justice by the unreserved acknowledgments for your very 
great kindness and liberality to which you were so justly en- 
titled, and which I could not have concealed, consistent with 
what was due to my own feelings as an honourable man. 



COMMODORE BAUVBRIDGK. 215 

" It would, indeed, afford me very sincere pleasure, could I 
Indulge in the probability of a prospect of again meeting 
with you, (though not exactly in the same way as that 
which brought me to your acquaintance,) but were it possi- 
ble that such a recurrence could take place, in whatever 
way the contest might terminate, our personal friendship 
would not, 1 am convinced, suffer any diminution by the re- 
sult. I most earnestly hope, however, that the blessings of 
peace may long continue to subsist between our respective 
countries, certain as I am that it will be for the advantage 
of both. 

" Through the channel of the public papers, you will pos- 
sibly have become acquainted with the war which broke 
out towards the end of the year 1817, in this quarter of the 
globe, between our government and the confederated Mah- 
ratta princes, which a few months after the opening of the 
campaign sufficed to deprive them of their thrones and their 
power. 

" It was my good fortune to give the death blow to their 
machinations, on the 20th of December of that year, on 
which day, I attacked the army of Holcar, one of the most 
powerful of these princes, and by the power of the Almighty, 
totally defeated him, capturing all his artillery, treasure, 
&c. In a few days after the action, he sued for peace, and 
we got it upon our own terms. After an absence of ten 
months' severe service in the field, I returned to Madras on 
the 24th of June last, since which, I have been enjoying re- 
pose, accompanied by a great share of good health, which 
continues to reconcile me to the climate. 

" How long I shall remain in it is yet uncertain, but I ex- 
pect it will be at least a couple of years longer. Should 
you, therefore, oblige me, by doing me the favour of another 
letter, after this reaches you, I request you to send it by the 
way of London, and under cover to Messrs. Greenwood & 



216 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

Co., Craigs court, Charring Cross, from whence they will 
forward it to me by the packet. 

" I will conclude by complying with Captain Wood's re- 
quest, who is with me, and who desires me to make his 
kindest remembrances to you. — Major Walker, if alive, is 
in the West Indies ; but he was very ill when I last heard 
from him. With every good wish for your enjoyment of 
health, and every earthly happiness, 

" I remain, my dear sir, 

" Yours most sincerely 

" and faithfully, 

" T. HISLOP. 



"Wm. Bainbridge, Esq., 
" United States navy, &c. Aic." 



This high-minded and honourable soldier let no opportu- 
nity pass, when among his friends particularly, to represent 
the conduct and character of the commodore in the same 
point of view, which he has done in this letter. The most 
satisfactory proofs of this, are derived from many sources. 

When in New York, in the year 1824, presiding over a 
court marshal. Commodore Bainbridge received the sub- 
joined highly respectful note from Lieutenant Elliot of the 
British frigate Hussar, then lying in that port. 

'' H. B. M. Ship Hussar, 
" JVew York, Dec. 3, 1824. 
"My dear Sir, 

" I had the honour of calling at your house this morn- 
ing and found, as, indeed, I feared would be the case, that 
you were still engaged in your public duties. The principal 
object of my visit was to leave a message to beg that you 



COMMODORE BAINBIUDUK. 217 

would not on any account think of giving yourself the trou- 
ble to call upon me. On my return on board, I received 
your most obliging and kind note. 

" Sir Thomas Hislop is married to my sister, and to his fre- 
quent and grateful acknowledgments of your politeness, or 
rather kindness to him in the hour of need, you will, per- 
haps, permit me, as so near a relative, to add my own thanks, 
and to offer the expression of my own respect and regard 
for your character and person. — I shall not fail to send Sir 
Thomas your very kind message, which I need not say will 
give him the most sincere pleasure. I am sure it will give 
you real pleasure to learn that Captain Chads is at this mo- 
ment employed, and that there is every reason to expect 
his speedy promotion. 

" If it can be done without exposing you to the least de- 
gree of inconvenience or trouble, may I venture to observe, 
that nothing will give me more pleasure, than an opportunity 
of paying my respects to you in person, and again assuring 
you, that 1 shall always be, my dear sir, with sentiments of 
the highest consideration, and most perfect truth, 
" Your very obedient 

" and much obliged servant, 

"CHARLES ELLIOT. 



"To Commodore Bainbridge," 
&.C. &c. &c. 

In the year 1803, Commodore Bainbridge formed an ac- 
quaintance with the Earl of Dalhousie at Gibraltar, which 
soon afterwards ripened into a sincere friendship. — A corre- 
spondence at intervals, was maintained between them until 
the death of Commodore Bainbridge. 

Learning from the public prints that the Earl was travel- 
ling through Upper Canada, the commodore left Boston for 
28 



218 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

the purpose of paying him a visit. He commenced his jour- 
ney in the early part of July, 1819, and in passing through 
Albany, in the state of New York, the city councils, passed, 
unanimously, the subjoined preamble and resolution. 

" Cily of Albany. 
" In Common Council, July 19, 1819. 

" Whereas the board has received the gratifying intelli- 
gence of the arrival in this city of Commodore William 
Bainbridge, the heroic commander of the frigate Philadel- 
phia, off Tripoli in 1803, of the frigate Constitution, off the 
coast of Brazil in December, 1812: and, whereas, this com- 
mon council entertain a high sense of the distinguished ser- 
vices of the gallant naval hero, and a high respect and ve- 
neration for his exalted character; Therefore, Resolvedr 
That the freedom of this city, in a gold box, be presented to 
Commodore Bainbridge, with a suitable address by his ho- 
nour the mayor." 

This resolution was accordingly conveyed to the commo- 
dore, enclosed in the annexed letter from the cliief magis- 
trate of the city. 

" To Commodore William Bai?ibridge, 
" of the JVavy of the United States. 
" Sir, 

" In conformity with a resolution of the common coun- 
cil, I have the honour to present to you the freedom of this 
city, as a testimony of the sense which we entertain of your 
naval services and reputation. 

" Permit me to add the assurance of m}'' personal esteem 
and respect, accompanied with my sincere wishes for the 



COMMODORE RAINBRIDGK. 219 

prolongation of your valuable life to support your country's 
flag, and advance her naval glory. 

'' I have the honour to be, 
" Yours, &c. 

" P. S. VAN RENSALAER. 

-" Albany, October, 1819." 

In pursuing his journey to Canada, he had the mortifica- 
tion to learn, when at Buffalo, that the Earl had left the 
Falls of Niagara some days, on his return to Nova Scotia, 
of which province he was then governor. The commodore 
hastened his pace for the purpose of overtaking his old 
friend, but was not successful. This disappointment was 
expressed in very feeling terms by both of them in their 
subsequent correspondence. 

In passing through the British provinces, he was treated 
with great civility by the British officers, stationed at King- 
ston, Montreal, and Quebec. 

The character given of our gallant countryman by Sir 
Thomas Hislop, was generally known among the British 
army officers, who generously took every opportunity to 
convince him of the high respect which they entertained for 
his great private worth, as well as for his accomplishments 
as an officer. 

After his return to Boston, he made a long report to the 
secretary of the navy, on the political and military condition 
of the Canadas. Though this report evinces no inconsidera- 
ble powers of observation and judgment, yet it could be only 
interesting at that particular period. 

In October, 1819, a board of senior captains, of which Com- 
modore Bainbridge was president, was ordered by the sec- 
retary of the navy to convene at New York, in order to ex- 
amine midshipmen for promotion. — This was the first exa- 
mination of midshipmen instituted by the government, and 



220 LIFE AN'D SERVICES Of 

the result proved so advantageous to the navy, that they 
have been continued ever since. — From this period none 
have been promoted to heutenants, without first passing a 
rigid examination in seamanship, and in such parts of ma- 
thematics as appertain to their profession, — They are obliged, 
besides, to furnish satisfactory testimonials of moral conduct, 
and gentleman-like deportment. By this tribunal the worthy 
and intelligent are encouraged, and the ignorant and profli- 
gate are driven from the service, before they receive a com- 
mission which they would not fail to disgrace. 

In November of the same year^ the commodore was or- 
dered to the new line-of-battle ship Columbus, then lying at 
Washington, and was appointed to the command of tlie 
United States naval forces in the Mediterranean. 

When he was about to leave the Boston station, he re- 
ceived the subjoined address, signed by eighteen officers. 

" The undersigned, cockpit and steerage officers of the 
United States ship Independence, beg leave to express their 
unfeigned regret at the prospect of your departure from the 
ship which you have commanded for so long a period, and 
with so much dignity. Be pleased to accept their sincere 
thanks for the many indulgences and the kind treatment re- 
ceived from you, while serving under your command. With 
regret for the bereavement which they are about to experi- 
ence in the loss of your paternal care, receive their congra- 
tulations on your transfer to a command of equal or superi- 
or importance, convinced as they are, that there is no situa- 
tion in which you would not confer honour on the naval 
character of our country. Anxious to rejoin you shortly, 
they remain with sentiments of the highest respect and 
esteem, 

" Your most obedient servants." 

When he reached the ship in December, she was in a very 
unfinished state, having only her lower masts in, the lower 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE. 221 

rigging over head, and about forty Ions of ballast. Anxious 
to have the ship rennoved, before being locked in the ice, she 
was in this state towed down the Potonnac by a steam boat, 
as far as the mouth of the river St. Mary's, distant one hun- 
dred and twenty miles from the city of Washington. 

He carried with him eighty mechanics, consisting of car- 
penters, joiners, blacksmiths, plumbers, and painters. 

With such means he completed, and prepared for sailing, 
this noble vessel, in a situation, which afforded no more fa- 
cilities, or comforts, than if he had been in the wilderness. 

The difhculties, hardships, and privations which the vete- 
ran experienced in fitting out this vessel were so great, that 
no one, except endowed with uncommon energy, could have 
surmounted them. 

At this time no part of the ship intended for the accom- 
modation of officers was completed, excepting the cockpit 
and steerage. — He was therefore obliged, as he stated to a 
friend, " to rough it for some months with his young offi- 
cers." Being thus compelled to expose himself during the in- 
clement months of winter, it is a matter of surprise, that an 
officer of his age, and accustomed as he was, to at least all 
the comforts which a good cabin can afford, did not suffer 
severely in health. His conduct, however, on this, as on all 
other occasions, proves that a zealous and energetic perform- 
ance of his public duties was his first consideration, and per- 
sonal comforts and advantages secondary. 

By great exertions the ship was prepared for sailing, and 
left her anchorage in St. Mary's river about the first of 
March. Some time previously to his leaving the United 
States, he received the subjoined letter from his friend the 
Earl of Dalhousie, which, with its enclosures, were found in 
no small degree useful to him. 



222 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

''Halifax, JVov. 25th, 1819. 
"My DEAR Sir, 

"Accept a thousand thanks for your kind letter; in renew- 
ing an intercourse between us once more, it fills up a va- 
cuum of twenty years, while it recalls very many happy 
days left behind us at that distance, I am sorry to think 
that you are about to cross the Atlantic : but in that perso- 
nal regret, I am not so selfish as not to rejoice in seeing you 
still actively employed in the highest rank of your country's 
service. — I feel it a duty to persevere in the same line, while 
I am blessed with health to do my part. I had resolved on 
returning the next year to England, but the very melancholy 
event that occurred in Canada the past summer, has led me 
up to the chief command there, one of the most honourable 
under the British crown. The same hopes, the same pros- 
pects, I am sure, animate us equally — that of retiring in due 
time with minds contented in having served our country 
faithfully, to enjoy the evening of our days in calm and 
peaceable retirement. 

" 1 shall be indeed truly happy to receive you at Quebec 
on your return. I like your climate in the new world very 
much, and I take a warm interest in seeing a state of socie- 
ty far behind the condition of Europe, bursting with asto- 
nishing vigour from its infant state to manly efforts. Active 
myself, I delight in making people active about me. I am 
not therefore afraid of home-sickness, so long as I can find 
a busy scene within my reach. You will therefore, in all 
probability, find me in Canada on your return. I wish you 
health and every happiness during your cruise in the Medi- 
terranean, and shall be most happy to hear fi'om you. When 
you have an idle hour, think of Quebec. 

Though you will not find me, you will my regiment in the 
garrison of Gibraltar. It contains many good people. The 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 223 

governor, General Don, is a friend for whom I have long had 
a great respect and regard. I beg you will allow me to en- 
close to your care a few lines to him, as also to the officers 
commanding my regiment. 

"With every wish for your welfare, helieve me, my dear 
sir, 

"Yours faithfully and sincerely, 

" DALHOUSIE. 
"Commodore Baixbridge," 
&c. &c. &,c. 

Sailed from Hampton Roads on the 28th of April, and ar- 
rived at Gibraltar on the 4th of June. The officers of the 
American squadron under the temporary command of Cap- 
tain Thompson, a gallant and discrete commander, were pro- 
hibited, by an order from General Don, from having any in- 
tercourse either with the town or garrison. This measure, 
which certainly had the appearance of being a high-handed 
one, grew out of the repeated quarrels, and duels, which 
had taken place between the American and British officers. 
As these officers were becoming daily more exasperated 
against each other, arising rather from national prejudice 
than from personal injury, General Don thought it an act of 
prudence, to say the least, to put a stop to further effusion 
of blood by this interdiction. 

Immediately after the Columbus came to anchor, a visit 
of ceremony was paid to the governor, when the latter im- 
mediately proposed an adjustment of the dispute between the 
officers under their respective commands. The commodore 
stated that he must decline entering into any negotiation, un- 
til his order of interdiction should first be repealed. This 
order prohibiting the American officers from visiting the town 
was considered an indignity, and that therefore he could not 
receive any civilities, much less enter into a negotiation so 
long as the offensive act continued in operation. The go- 



224 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

vernor expressed an assurance, that the measure which he 
adopted was entirely precautionary, and which he could not 
remove until the difficulty which called it forth was ami- 
cably and satisfactorily settled. 

Finding, however, that the commodore was determined on 
the course which he had at first proposed, the governor obli- 
gingly yielded so far as to remove the prohibition, after which 
the commanders had little difficulty in adjusting the contro- 
versy, in a manner highly honourable and satisfactory to both 
parties. 

Commodore Bainbridge had formed an acquaintance with 
General Don, during his short command in the Mediterra- 
nean, in the year 1815: the prompt manner in which he set- 
tled the quarrels among the officers of the squadron, and those 
of the garrison, added to the warm letters of his friend the 
Earl of Dalhousie, procured for him the kindest and most 
flattering civilities. The officers of the earl's regiment evinced 
every disposition to be courteous and hospitable to the friend 
of their commander. 

Harmony and good feeling was thus completely restored, 
and a friendly intercourse again re-established upon a foot- 
ing much more cordial than had existed between the English 
and American officers at any previous period. Since this 
reconciliation no misunderstanding of any kind has recurred. 

The American squadron sailed from Gibraltar on the 12th 
of June, touched at Leghorn and arrived at Naples, on the 
9th of July, the day on which the revolutionary troops en- 
tered the city, and the day subsequent to that on which the 
king signed the constitution. Forty thousand soldiers and 
armed peasantry passed through the principal streets, con- 
ducting themselves with the most perfect propriety and de- 
corum. 

The commodore states in his journal, that " soon after he 
had cast anchor, a Neapolitan officer came alongside of the 
ship to tender the respects of the captain of marine, and po- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 225 

litely ofTcred the customary civilities. — Soon after breakfast 
I went on shore, when the whole city appeared in active 
motion, hut no disorder. The street of Toledo was crowded 
with the populace, awaiting the entry of the ' army of re- 
union,' which was received with the heartiest acclamations; 
every countenance beamed with joy and satisfaction. 

" This army was composed of the king's revolted troops, 
of the militia from the different provinces, and of armed ci- 
tizens from all parts of the kingdom, amounting, it was sup- 
posed, to about 40,000, all of whom were completely armed. 
After passing through the street of Toledo, the whole force 
moved in procession before the palace, and the houses of 
the royal ministers ; after which they separated in detach- 
-ments, and lodged in the suburbs of the city. 

" The temperance and forbearance of the revolutionists, — 
the extreme order and regularity which characterize all 
their movements, — the wisdom and moderation which pre- 
side over their councils, while they excite general astonish- 
ment, are, at the same time, subjects of the most delightful 
self-gratulation, to all friends of liberal principles. At pre- 
sent, appearances justify a hope, that absolute despotism is 
for ever prostrated, and that constitutional and representa- 
tive freedom, is established on a basis that cannot be shaken 
by any efforts of the feeble monarch, who is still, nominally, 
tolerated as the chief of the nation. Though he has signed 
the constitution, and sworn to support and maintain its prin- 
ciples, yet there are few of his subjects weak enough to be- 
lieve that he would not gladly forget the obligation he had 
taken, provided a fair opportunity were offered to restore 
lawless power and savage bigotry." 

The opinion which the commodore had formed of the sta- 
bility of the institutions, which he saw raised under circum- 
stances so cheering and favourable, does not detract, in any 
degree, from his usual sound judgment. — Had not foreiga 
despots conspired against the happiness of the people — -had 
29 



226 LIFE AUD SERVICES OF 

not the citizens been corrupted, and their efforts enfeebled 
by a profuse distribution of gold — had not a powerful foreign 
army overspread the fair fields of Campagnia ; " And 
like an evil angel, bid the people forget their liberty," 
her excellent government might still have flourished, and 
the people have become vigorous and intelligent, as they 
are sprightly, obliging, and courteous. The hated and dark- 
ening banner of withering legitimacy has again waved over 
the nation, and the gloom of ignorance, bigotry, and profli- 
gacy, must continue, until bold and enlightened patriots, 
fearlessly proclaiming the rights of their species, reduce 
" opinion to reason, and power to law." 

During the short period which the commodore remained 
in Naples, he visited the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, 
the royal palace and museum at Portici, — the Grotto of 
Pausillippo, Virgil's tomb, and most of the objects of interest 
in the city of Naples. — On the 10th of July, he received a 
visit from Mr. Middleton of South Carolina, fand Mr. Lus- 
sington, the British consul, who requested a private interview. 
The consul stated, that General Nugent, a British officer 
engaged in the Neapolitan service, had rendered himself so 
obnoxious to the populace of Naples, by the political mea- 
sures which he had advocated, that he was in great person- 
al danger. He, therefore, requested the commodore to re- 
lieve him from his perilous situation, by receiving him on 
board the Columbus. — This favour was very properly re- 
fused, on the ground that it would be an interference in the 
internal concerns of the city, whichj as the representative 
of a friendly nation would be highly reprehensible. — If Ge- 
neral Nugent had made strong efforts to arrest the progress 
of the revolution, and to oppose the wishes of the nation, he 
must take the consequences. — Were he to give protection 
to an enemy of the people and of the government, he would 
act inconsistently with his duty, and would give just cause 



COMMODORE BAIN BRIDGE, 227 

of complaint, where it was his wish to cuUivate friendly re- 
lations. 

On the 1 2th of July, the Columbus sailed from Naples, 
and after having touched at Syracuse, proceeded to the 
coast of Africa. — The commodore visited the three Barbary 
capitals, communicated with the different consuls, and find- 
ing that our relations with those powers continued on an 
amicable footing, he returned to Gibraltar about the first of 
September. 

A few days after the arrival of the American squadron 
in this bay, the commodore despatched his private secretary, 
Mr. Folsome, to Smyrna, for the purpose of obtaining infor- 
mation on the following points. 

1. On the extent and nature of the commerce between 
the United States and Smyrna, and other ports in the Turk- 
ish empire. 

2. The commercial regulations by which this trade is go- 
verned. 

3. Whether an American consul or commercial agent at 
Smyrna, would prove an advantage to our merchants? 

The secretary performed the duty assigned to him with 
so much ability and industry, as to elicit the thanks of his 
commander. After furnishing much curious information on 
the peculiar state of the trade of Smyrna, he proves from 
documents in the possession of Mr. Offley, an enterprising 
American merchant residing there, that the value of our 
commerce, with this port alone, was worth about a million, 
annually. — He proves also, that this amount might be great- 
ly increased, provided the government would afford proper 
protection. 

Sailed again from Gibraltar on the 10th of September, 
eastward, and arrived at Port Mahon, in the island of Mi- 
norca, on the 26th, and was received with much distinction by 
the governor of the island, who is an officer of great intelli- 



5i28 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

gcncG and energy. — He was honoured with a visit from the 
commandant of marine, Captain Mandeville, who ohHgingly 
offered the use of the navy yard to repair any of the Ame- 
rican ships that required it, and professed a great wilUng- 
ness to contribute as much as possible to the commodore's 
personal comfort, so long as he remained in their harbour. 

The obliging disposition of these gentlemen, however, was 
thwarted by instructions conveyed from the Spanish govern- 
ment to the Intendant, to exact heavy duties on all the pro- 
visions either landed or removed from the store-ships to the 
men-of-war. As the commodore could not submit to such 
enormous exactions, he forthwith ordered the return of the 
store-ships to Gibraltar. 

He opened a correspondence with the American minister 
near the court of Madrid on this subject, and satisfactorily 
pointed out the great disadvantages which would result to 
Port Mahon, by the continuance of measures which must 
for ever prevent its being a place of rendezvous to the Ame- 
rican squadron. 

These representations were conveyed to the Spanish go- 
vernment by our minister, which had the effect to cause an 
immediate revocation of the obnoxious regulation. — Great 
advantages were thus secured to the American squadron, 
and which are not obtained in any other port in the Medi- 
terranean, except that of Gibraltar. 

During this visit to Port Mahon, many personal civilities 
passed between Rear Admiral Ruysch, commander of the 
Dutch squadron in the Mediterranean, and Commodore 
Bainbridge. The courteous demeanour, and great hospita- 
lity of the American commander, added to the fine appear- 
ance, and high state of discipline of his squadron, conciliated 
the esteem of the Dutch admiral, and awakened the high- 
est respect for his talents as an accomplished officer. — A 
friendship of a lasting character was thus commenced, and 



COMMODORE BAINHRIDGE. 229 

has ever since been maintained by correspondence. — This 
is another proof of the commodore's powers to concihate 
friends, and of awaking a warmth of feeUng in the breast of 
others, responsive to the generous ardour which glowed with- 
in his own. 

The American squadron sailed from Port Mahon on the 
2d of March for Genoa, to which place Commodore Bain- 
bridge was invited by the American consul, at the instance 
of some of the most eminent citizens of that place. As one 
object of the squadron was to give to the different powers 
along the shores of the Mediterranean proofs of our naval 
strength, and of our ability to defend our commerce, should 
it again be assailed, he did not hesitate to accept the invita- 
tion. The inhabitants of a city, which had the honour to 
give birth to Columbus, were anxious to see the noble ship 
which bore the proud name of a citizen whose memory was 
dearly cherished by them. It seems that his fame becomes 
more exalted in the estimation of his countrymen, as the 
new world which he discovered rises in grandeur and mag- 
nificence. 

Though they boast of many distinguished names — their 
Grimaldis — Fieshis — Dorias — Sp'molas, and a host of others, 
yet at present there is no name of which they are so proud 
as that of Christoforo Colombo, the name by which he is 
known in his native city. 

It was intended that the arrival of the United States ship 
of the line, with the other ships of the squadron, should be 
made a gala day, when the sprightly Genoese were to freely 
indulge in self-glorification. When near the entrance of the 
gulf of Genoa a violent north-western sprung up, which drove 
off" the vessels so far as to oblige them to run into Toulon for 
safety. In consequence of other engagements, the commo- 
dore, and his associates were obliged to forego the pleasure 
of a visit from which they had anticipated much gratifica- 
tion. 



230 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

After anchoring in the harbour of Toulon, the commo- 
dore, in conformity with a custom in our service, sent an 
officer to Admiral Missiessy to signify his disposition to sa- 
lute his flag, provided assurances were given, that the com- 
pliment w^ould be promptly returned. — The French com- 
mander replied, that he would with much pleasure direct 
the salute to be returned, but as he was the lord high ad- 
miral of France, and as Commodore Bainbridge wore the 
pendant of a captain de vaisseaux, he could not return 
as many guns by six, as the number to which his flag 
was entitled. On these terms the commodore declined tiring 
the salute, but professed a desire to cultivate the acquain- 
tance of the admiral, and promote a friendly intercourse 
among the officers under their respective commands. These 
sentiments were reciprocated by Admiral Missiessy, and 
a perfectly good understanding was maintained, and re- 
peated civilities exchanged so long as the American squad- 
ron continued at Toulon. I think it necessary to men- 
tion these facts, (which are not of themselves particularly 
interesting,) in contradiction to a malicious report that 
the Commodore sacrificed certain advantages to his squad- 
ron, to idle punctilios. The report was entirely without 
foundation : but admit such to be the result of the stand 
which he assumed, still he was perfectly justified. An offi- 
cer who will not exact every tittle of respect to which his 
flag is entitled will lower himself in the estimation of fo- 
reign officers, and will afterwards invite treatment of a si- 
milar, if not of a more aggravated character. 

So favourable was the impression made by the commo- 
dore wherever his squadron appeared, that American citi- 
zens resident in France and Italy felt and testified to the be- 
nefits which they derived from his cruise. 

During Commodore Bainbridge's command in the Medi- 
terranean, he carried on an active correspondence with many 
of the American consuls, and all ministers, near the diflferent 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 231 

European courts. The multiplied duties which he had to 
perform were accomplished with his usual zeal, and in a 
manner highly satisfactory to his government. 

One of the objects of Commodore Bainbridge's cruise in 
the Mediterranean was to show his finely constructed ship 
at Constantinople, and to sound the disposition of the Otto- 
man government, whether or not an American minister would 
be received. As permission, however, could not be obtained 
to pass beyond the Dardanelles, the wishes of government 
on this point could not be fulfilled. He states in a letter to 
the secretary of the navy, dated May the 7th, 1821, that, 

"Although I have been prevented visiting Constantinople, 
by the positive interdiction of the Turkish government, I 
have yet the satisfaction to believe that my cruise in this 
sea has been in some degree serviceable to our country, by 
effecting an amicable adjustment of our difficulties at Gib- 
raltar and by obtaining, in the most eligible situation, a place 
of deposite for our squadron on the most favourable condi- 
tions. Showing our squadron, and particulai'ly so formida- 
ble a vessel as the Columbus, before the different Barbary 
ports, has heightened the respect which these powers alrea- 
dy entertain for our nation." 

" My communications with Mr. Shaler, the American con- 
sul general for the Barbary regencies, by correspondence, and 
by other modes, has been frequent, and such in all respects 
as to satisfy the intentions of government. The squadron 
under my command was always kept on the alert, and rea- 
dy to move at any moment against these corsairs, should they 
manifest the least disposition to molest our commerce, or in 
any degree to violate their treaties with the United States. 
Little apprehension, however, has been entertained on this 
point, as our consuls at Tripoli, Tunis, x^lgiers, and Morocco, 
have given me the most satisfactory assurances of the friendly 
disposition of all these governments. 

"Agreeably to your instructions I have kept up a regular 



232 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

correspondence with the resident ministers of the United 
States at the courts of Europe, and with the consuls at the 
principal ports. The minister at London has been particu- 
larly attentive to my letters. 

" I have not been unmindful of the unsettled state of Eu- 
rope, and have accordingly conducted the squadron with 
great circumspection into foreign ports. I have the satisfac- 
tion to inform you, that in whatever place I visited, the flag 
of the United States was treated with the highest respect. 
During my command of this squadron, it has had communi- 
cation with English, French, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, and 
Barbary ports, yet not a single instance has occurred of the 
slightest collision between the oflicers of it, and the various 
people with whom they have had intercourse. 

" Such of your instructions as relate to the maintenance 
of strict discipline, in order to avoid the expenses attending 
courts martial and to lessen the evil consequences of duelling, 
has been steadily attended to, and most happy has been the 
result. Only one officer (a midshipman) has been brought 
to a court martial, and not one duel has taken place. This 
gratifying fact will appear the more remarkable when the 
whole number of oflicers (one hundred and eighty- four) is 
taken into consideration, and when it is remembered that of- 
ten supernumerary oflicers were attached to the vessels, 
crowding those who regularly belonged to them, and thus in- 
creasing tiie difficulty of preserving exact discipline. 

" Your subsequent instructions dated on the 22d of August 
last, relative to the selection of a place of depot and rendez- 
vous for the squadron called forth my best exertions ; and with 
the aid of Mr. Richard M'Call, and that of Mr. Brent charge 
d'affairs of the United States at Madrid, I was successful in 
obtaining from the Spanish government the privilege of depo- 
siting provisions and stores for the United States squadron, 
free of duties, at Port Mahon in the island of Minorca ; that 
being the place I had chosen as best adapted to the purpose. 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 233 

The term of permission, however, is limited to six months, 
though intimation was given that it may be renewed on the 
application of the American government, and that, at all 
events, an additional period of three months will be allowed 
for the removal of any stores which may be there deposited. 
Although I do not entertain the least apprehension of an in- 
tention on the part of the Spanish government to withdraw 
the permission, yet I would suggest the propriety of the 
charge d^aifairs of the United States being instructed to re- 
quest a renewal of it every six months, or to secure it for an 
indefinite period," 

On the fourth of June, 1821, Commodore Jones arrived in 
the frigate Constitution at Gibraltar, for the purpose of re- 
lieving Commodore Bainbridge of the command of the Medi- 
terranean squadron. So soon as the ceremonies attending 
the transfer were performed, the latter sailed in the Colum- 
bus for the United States, and arrived at Boston on the 21st 
of July. He was received by his numerous friends in Boston 
with every demonstration of cordiality and kindness. 

So soon as the government was officially informed of the 
arrival of the Columbus in Boston, the President of the United 
States wrote a private letter to Commodore Bainbridge, in 
which he expressed great gratification at the manner in which 
his duties were performed, and concludes by remarking, that, 

" I have read your report, as I had previously done all 
your correspondence with the secretary of the navy, with 
great satisfaction. 

" With very cordial respect for your public services, and 
regard for your private qualities, 

" I am sincerely yours, 

"JAMES MONROE." 



30 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 235 



CHAPTER XI. 



Commodol-e Bainbriclge ordered to preside at a Soa'rd for Examination 
of Midshipmen — Appointed to the Philadelphia Station — Letter from 
the Emperor of Mexico — Ordered to the Boston Station— President of 
a Court Martial at New York — Appointed President of the Navy- 
Board of Commissioners — A Commissioner to form Plans for the fu- 
ture Improvements of Navy Yards — Appointed to the Command of 
the Philadelphia Station — Difficulty with the Secretary of the Navy 
—^The Compliment of a Public Dinner — Death of his Son — Ordered 
to the Command of the Boston Station — 111 Health — Resigns his Com- 
mand and returns to Philadelphia — Death — Character. 

In the autumn of 1821, and shortly after the commodore's 
■return to the United States, he was ordered to New York 
as president of a board, instituted for the examination of 
midshipmen for promotion. — After the duties of the board 
were finished, he was appointed to the command of the Phi- 
ladelphia station. — On his return to Boston for the purpose 
of removing his family, both officers and citizens testified 
the keenest regret at the prospect of his leaving that sta- 
tion. 

The officers of the station gave him a handsome public 
dinner, as a testimony of their " respect for his public cha- 



236 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

racter, and esteem for his private virtues." The mechanics 
of the navy yard made a similar manifestation of their at- 
tachment to him. 

The appointment of Commodore Bainbridge to the Phila- 
delphia station, where he was generally known, and not less 
generally esteemed, afforded great satisfaction to the citi- 
zens. This feeling was soon made manifest by the kind and 
marked, but inostentatious attentions, which were shown to 
himself and family. 

During his command of this station, he fitted out the 
North Carolina seventy-four, and systematized the duties of 
the navy yard in such a way, as to promote economy, and 
to afford additional security to the valuable public pro- 
perty. 

At this period, Commodore Baiiibri<3ge rendered some ser- 
vice to Commodore Cortes, a distinguished Mexican officer. 
These services were considered of so much importance by 
the unfortunate Emperor, as to elicit from him the subjoined 
letter. 

" Mexico, May Alh, 1822. 
" My DRAR Sir, 

" Among the letters received by me from Philadelphia, 
by the schooner Equalla, I have received some from Richard 
Meade, and Commodore Cortes of this empire. Both make 
mention of the kindness and good wishes entertained by you 
towards my country, as also your kindness in offering to 
Commodore Cortes your assistance in fulfilling his commis- 
sion. For these services the empire is indebted to your li- 
berality and humanity, in showing a predilection in favour 
of my country, which has excited in me the warmest grati- 
tude, and determined me to offer to you my friendship and 
respects, and beg you will have the goodness to consider 



COMMODORE BAINERIDGE. 237 

these expressions as emanating from a sincere and frank 
heart. 

" I remain, 
" With great consideration, 
" Your a S. M. B. 

" AUGUSTIN DE ITURBEDIE, 

"Commodore Bainbridge." 

»,■ 

This letter, as an emanation from royalty, may be consi- 
dered as a curiosity. The warmth and condescension by 
which it is marked, will form a striking contrast to the cau- 
tious and measured expressions of his more legitimate breth- 
ren. 

In July, 1823, the secretary of the navy offered to Com- 
modore Bainbridge the command of the navy yard in Bos- 
ton, which had been rendered vacant by the transfer of 
Captain Hull to the command of the squadron destined to 
ihe Pacific Ocean. 

As this command is one of more activity than that of 
Philadelphia, and presents a wider field for the exercise of 
his talents, it was promptly accepted ; though in opposition 
to the earnest solicitations of his Philadelphia friends. The 
officers of this station who were warmly attached to him, 
importuned him to remain, but his resolve was taken, and 
he could not be diverted from his purpose. Before he left 
Philadelphia, they gave to him a handsome public enter- 
tainment. 

In obedience to his orders he entered upon the duties of 
liis new command early in August. — The citizens of Charles- 
town evinced, in many ways, the high respect which they 
entertained for his character. He was received by a depu- 
"tation of citizens at Chelsea bridge, and conducted amid the 



238 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

hearty cheers of the people, to a splendid public entertain- 
ment prepared for the occasion. 

During his short command of this station, he introduced 
the same internal regulations and system of discipline, which 
had been found so salutary at the station which he had just 
left. He had scarce, however, adopted his new arrange- 
ments, and located his family comfortably, when he was in- 
vited by the President of the United States to the station of 
president of the board of navy commissions, which had 
been rendered vacant by the resignation of Commodore 
Rodgers. Possessing a command which he had long desired, 
enjoying every comfort which himself and family could 
wish, — associated in society with a people, to whom he was 
warmly attached, it was not to be supposed that he would 
relinquish it, even for the elevated station to which he was 
called, without some degree of hesitation. — The solicitations, 
however, of the secretary of the navy — the advice of his 
friends, added to that deep sense of duty, which had hither- 
to taught him not to avoid any situation in which he could 
be useful, at length determined him to accept it, but not 
until he received assurances from government, that he 
should be permitted to resume his favourite command, if h-e 
desired it, at the expiration of three years. 

Before he entered upon his duties as commissioner, he 
was ordered by the secretary of the navy to New York, as 
president of a court martial, for the trial of Lieutenant 
Weaver and other officers. — The secretary's object in order- 
ing the commodore on this trial was, that the country might 
enjoy the benefit of his unerring and independent judgment, 
in cases which were of vital importance to the navy, and 
to the best interests of the nation. — As soon as the court 
adjourned, he proceeded to Washington, and was inducted 
in his seat as president of the navy board about the middle 
of December. — He was associated in his duties with Com- 



COMMODOUE lUINBRlDGE. 239 

modores Jones and Morris, ofiicers greatly distinguished for 
their services, for tlieir hberal views, and for their general 
intelligence. 

In exercising the functions of his recent appointment, he 
was remarkable for the industry and zeal with which he in- 
vestigated every subject submitted to his examination, for 
the promptitude with which he acted, and for the impar- 
tiality and justice which characterized his decisions. 

The duties which he was called upon to perform were 
highly important, requiring great industry, sound judgment, 
and accurate professional knowledge. His associate com- 
missioners bear high testimony to his ability as a presiding 
officer, and to his patriotic devotion to the best interests of 
the navy. A history of the dry and fatiguing details of his 
labours in this office, would not interest the general i-eader, 
yet his journal contains many valuable suggestions, which 
might prove highly important to those who may succeed 
him in the same appointment. 

At the expiration of three years, the period for which he 
accepted the appointment of president of the navy board, 
he offered his resignation ; but instead of returning to Bos- 
ton, as was his original intention, he expressed a preference 
for the navy yard at Philadelphia, believing that the cli- 
mate w'ould best suit his impaired health. 

In addition to his duties as commanding officer, others 
were required of him, growing out of a law passed by Con- 
gress at the close of the session of 1827, which directs, 
" That the President of the United States be, and he is 
hereby authorized to cause the navy yards of the United 
States to be thoroughly examined, and plans to be prepared 
and sanctioned by the President for the improvement of the 
same, and the preservation of the public property therein, 
from which plans, no deviations shall hereafter be made but 
by his special order." 

In obedience to this authority, the President, through the 



240 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

secretary of the navy, Mr. Southard, appointed Commodores 
Bainbridge, Chauncey, and Morris, commissioners to carry 
into efTect the provisions of this law. Mr. L. Baldwin was 
appointed engineer to aid thern in their surveys, and in form- 
ing their plans and arrangements. They engaged in this 
duty early in May, 1827, but did not complete it until some 
time in the year 1829. From a variety of causes these la- 
bours were frequently interrupted, but were ultimately ac- 
complished in such a manner as to receive the hearty ap- 
probation of the government. 

So soon as this arduous duty had been performed, the 
commodore confined his attention almost exclusively to his 
command on the Philadelphia station. He lived here hap- 
pily among his early associates in life; honoured by the com- 
munity, and highly esteemed and admired by the officers 
under his command. 

Having moved his family from one point of command to 
another, for the twenty-sixth time, he resolved that it should 
be the last; and, therefore, purchased a house from which 
he determined that his family should never be disturbed. 
Having lived, during a long life, in storms and straits, he 
seemed to take counsel of the Roman, who, at the approach 
of old age, determined " to retire into, and die in his own 
harbom:" 

From this state of dignified tranquillity, he was disturbed 
in the year 1831, by a controversy as painful as unexpected, 
with Mr. Branch, secretary of the navy. He preferred a 
claim to the secretary for the usual compensation for extra 
services, who, instead of deciding on the case himself, re- 
ferred it to the fourth auditor, who decided against him. 

Feeling wounded, and somewhat indignant at being thus 
refused a remuneration, which had been for a period of be- 
tween thirty and forty years always allowed to him and to 
others, he ventured to so express himself in a letter to the 
head of the navy department. In a few days afterwards, 



COMMODORE BAIXBRIDGK- 241 

he was informed by the secretary, that he was superseded 
in his command by another officer, without his even deign- 
ing to state the grounds on which his removal took place. 

In this affair, Mr. Branch manifested a want of considera- 
tion by no means creditable to him as a man of sensibility. 
Though the letter of Commodore Bainbridge might be con- 
sidered by some a little too strong, yet it was perfectly re- 
spectful to the President of the United States, and offensive 
only to Mr. Kendall, who, if he felt himself aggrieved, had 
the privilege of redressing his own wrongs. 

Why then did Mr. Branch thus sport with the feelings of 
a veteran officer, who had zealously served his coimtry for 
a period of thirty-three years — who had courted hardships 
and perils in their worst forms — who, by his skill and gal- 
lantry had shed a halo of glory around the American arms? 
In the calmness of retirement, Mr. Branch will have leisure, 
I hope, to answer this question himself. If he reflect on the 
subject at all, he will now, no doubt, concur in the expressed 
opinions of his fellow citizens generally, that it is not the 
duty of a patriotic minister of state to treat with contumely 
a gallant spirit who was always ready to peril life in the 
defence of his country. I mention these circumstances with 
sorrow, and feel more disposed to view it in a spirit of grief 
than of denunciation. 

Commodore Bainbridge had an acute, I had almost said, a 
morbid sensibility, and, therefore, felt his harsh treatment 
the more severely. In an honourable career of service, 
commenced in the year 1798, and continued until this pe- 
riod, he never before received even a hint of disapprobation. 
His feelings, however, were soon soothed by a strong expres- 
sion of opinion in his favour by the citizens of Philadelphia 
of all parties, who, to manifest their own sentiments on the 
occasion, offered to him the compliment of a public dinner. 
It was one of the handsomest and most respectable ever 
given in Philadelphia; and though there was no party sen- 
31 



242 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

timents delivered, yet there was that which was more grate- 
ful to his feelings, the strongest expressions of approbation 
and even admiration of his conduct and character. The vene- 
rable patriot, Mr. Duponceau, was appointed president, as- 
sisted by General Patterson and Colonel Wetherill as vice 
presidents. 

No guest was ever received with more cordiality and 
kindness — all, indeed, seemed anxious to pour balm over the 
bruised spirit of this pure and single-minded veteran. In 
consequence of feeble health, he retired early from the din- 
ner, when the company rose to a man, and long and loud 
cheering greeted his departure. 

This pubHc manifestation of the sentiments of his fellow 
citizens, added to other marks of flattering attention, very 
soon restored his spirits to their accustomed buoyancy. 

In June of this year, he experienced a melancholy be- 
reavement in the death of an only and much cherished son. 
This youth was educated at Princeton college, and gra- 
duated with much honour in that venerable institution. — 
He afterwards studied law, was admitted to the bar of 
Philadelphia, and afterwards settled in the city of Pitts- 
burg. 

His friends entertained sanguine expectations of his pro- 
fessional success. — Endowed with pure principles, and sound 
judgment, and possessing, withal, ripeness as a scholar, their 
reasonable anticipations were grounded on a solid basis. 
He inherited, besides, the sentiments of high honour and chi- 
valry which distinguished his father. 

The climate of Pittsburg not suiting his constitution, 
which was always delicate, he was obliged to return to Phi- 
ladelphia, but wath his disease so far advanced as to be be- 
yond the reach of professional skill. His affectionate pa- 
rents had only the sad consolation of sustaining and com- 
forting him in his last moments. 



COMMODORE BAIIVERIDGE. 243 

This was the severest trial which the veteran's feelings 
had ever experienced. From this son he had the highest 
expectations — he loved him as his child, and felt confident 
that such were the qualities of liis heart, and mind, that he 
would never disgrace his name. 

In the autumn of the year 1832, Commodore Bainbridge 
was restored to duty, and was ordered by the President of 
the United States, through Mr. Woodbury, secretary of the 
navy, to the command of the Boston station and navy yard. 
Having determined not to move liis family again, he ac- 
cepted the appointment temporarily, and proceeded alone to 
assume the command. Finding the climate too severe for 
his impaired health, he resolved to relinquish the charge of 
the station during the following summer ; but his health de- 
clining more rapidly than he anticipated, he resigned his 
command early in March, and found great difficulty in re- 
turning to Philadelphia. On his arrival, it was evident to 
his medical advisers that he could not recover. Sitting by 
his bed-side the day after his return, he observed in the 
writer's countenance an anxious, perhaps a discouraging ex- 
pression, which he seemed to understand and quickly re- 
marked, in the language of poor Lawrence, " Come, doctor, 
you must not give up the ship — you can again patch up tliis 
old hulk as you have often done before."' 

For the period of five and twenty years he was constantly 
troubled with a violent spasmodic cough and neuralgia. It 
cannot be said of Commodore Bainbridge, as was remarked 
of Pope, that "his life was a long disease;" still, for nearly 
one half of it, he experienced continued suffering. 

In addition to his chronic maladies, he was attacked in 
January, 1833, with Pneumonia, connected with great irri- 
tation of his bowels, which terminated in ulceration of them, 
with wasting diarrhoea. He was anxious to live, and urged 
Dr. Chapman and the writer to candidly inform hun whe- 



244 LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

ther there was any prospect of his recovery. Both believing 
that there was not the shghtest, they replied to that effect. 
He became calm and resigned at once, and indulged in the 
hope that the period of his sufferings might soon close. Sink- 
ing rapidly about the first of July, he expressed a wish that 
he might linger to the fourth ; but on that day, much to his 
disappointment, he was slightly better, so that his life was 
prolonged to the 28th. 

He died as he had lived, a hero and a Christian—peace 
to his noble spirit. 

His intellect continued perfectly sound and collected until 
about two hours before his death, Vv^hen occasionally it wan- 
dered. At this time he called for his sword and pistols, which 
not being attended to, he raised himself partially in his bed, 
and demanded these instruments with great vehemence, and 
ordered that all hands should be called to board the enemy. 

This incident shows how far the favourite pursuit may 
operate on the mind, even during the last pangs of existence. 
This is by no means a singular instance of the continuance 
of " the ruling passion, strong in death." 

The celebrate<J physician and physiologist Haller, died feel- 
ing his pulse. He said to his friend, " The artery ceases to 
beat," and immediately expired. 

Chaucer died singing ballads. The last words Napoleon 
uttered, were ; " Tete d'armie." 

He left behind him a wife and four daughters. The eld- 
est and third, were married. The former to Captain Tho- 
mas Hayes, once of the navy, and the latter to Mr. Ashbel 
G. Jaudon, a respectable merchant of Philadelphia. His two 
other daughters remain single and reside with their mother. 

His funeral, which took place on the 31st, was quite im- 
posing. Besides being attended by the Cincinnati society, 
and a large concourse of our most respectable citizens, his 
body was conducted to the grave, and buried with military 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 245 

honours by the United States marines, and by a beautiful 
brigade of infantry under the command of Colonel Wat- 
mough. 

He was interred in Christ Church burying ground, and the 
following record was inscribed on the four sides of a beauti- 
ful marble obelisk, which is placed over his grave. 

WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE, 

United States Navy. 

BORN IN PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, 

7th of May, 1774. 

DIED IN PHILADELPHIA, 
28th of July, 1833. 

Patria victisque laudatus.* 

To this narrative of the incidents connected with the ca- 
reer of this distinguished man, I will add a few particulars 
in relation to his appearance, opinions, and character. 

Commodore Bainbridge was about six feet in stature, and 
had a finely modelled and muscular frame, which enabled 
him to endure almost any degree of fatigue. His complex- 
ion was rather fair — his beard dark and strong — his eyes 
black, animated, and expressive. His deportment was com- 
manding — his dress always neat and genteel, and though his 
temperament was ardent and sometimes impetuous he could 
qualify it with the greatest courtesy and with the most at- 
tractive amenity. 

The daring and commanding spirit, which was equal to 
every emergency, enabled him to meet any movement of dif- 



* This motto is taken from the medal voted to him by Congress, for Iiis gallant ser- 
vices in capturing the Britiih frigate Java. 



24G LIFE AND SERVICES OF 

ficulty with more than ordinary confidence. He was cou- 
rageous, but not rash, and had the power to inspire every 
one around liim with the same feeling. He had, besides, a de- 
gree of energy and moral elevation about him, which caused 
him to seek, rather than to avoid responsibility. When roused 
he was somewhat fierce and vehement; but, like a summer 
cloud, the excitement would soon pass away, and all would 
be calmness and mildness. 

Among young officers, Commodore Bainbridge was consi- 
dered a model, or the beau ideal of an accomplished com- 
mander. As a disciplinarian he was rigid; in the early part 
of his career, perhaps a little too much so. This error was 
not an uncommon one among young commanders, and arose 
from over zeal, which, however, is almost invariably cor- 
rected by reflection and the advance of years. In a conver- 
sation with him regarding the system of terror, which once 
prevailed in the public ships, both of the United Slates and 
Great Britain, he remarked, that it was the fault of youthful 
ardour, and rejoiced that he had lived to alter, and to assist 
in changing the former practice. He added, on the same oc- 
casion, that it was perfectly idle to hope to maintain proper 
discipline on board a mem of ivar without occasional flog<jing; 
but at the same time, he knew from experience that its fre- 
quency could and had been greatly diminished. In many 
cases, no doubt, poor Jack will derive more advantage from 
an address to his reason, than to his back. 

■ He was exceedingly careful of the healtli of his crew — 
and would cheerfully and promptly adopt any sound sug- 
gestion from the medical officer of the ship, that would con- 
tribute to this end. He was always particularly anxious to 
protect his men from unnecessary labour, and those harass- 
ing duties which always create dissatisfaction, without ac- 
complishing an equivalent good. 

The writer has heard him remark, that in fleets men are 
worried and exhausted by a spirit of rivalry which is en- 



COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 247 

couraged among the crews of the different ships. He has 
seen men so exhausted and heated by a violent effort at the 
capstan in weighing anchor, tliat in a cold climate it has 
proved the exciting cause of catarrh, and in a warm one of 
fever. He was, therefore, in the practice of directing his 
officers to allow the crew to work in moderation, unless im- 
perious circumstances demanded an opposite course. 

He was so remarkable for his industry, that he never 
seemed disposed to excuse idleness in others. His mornino-s 
were usually occupied in his cabin in reading or writing, 
except when called to the deck on duty, or for exercise. 

He was always hospitable, and did the duties of his table 
with an unaffected grace; several of his young officers, 
according to the good old sociable custom, dined with him 
almost every day. 

He conciliated the esteem of almost every one with whom 
he associated, and seldom, if ever, lost it. He may have 
had enemies, as few men of decided characters are without 
them, yet certainly no one had more or warmer friends. 

Commodore Bainbridge thought soundly and rapidly on 
most subjects, but often experienced some difficulty in ex- 
pressing himself, particularly when speaking in that tone of 
vehemence, in which he sometimes indulged. He would 
occasionally lose his equanimity of temper, nor is this to be 
wondered at, when we consider the countless annoyances to 
which a commander at sea is exposed. 

" Who can be wise, amazed, temperate and funous. 
Loyal and neutral, in a moment?" 

He never, however, lost sight of the perfect gentleman,- 
if he deemed it necessary to reprove an officer, however 
strong the provocation, he would relieve him from duty, in- 
vite him into his cabin, and say to him privately, whatever 
he deemed the nature of the offence demanded. 



248 LIFE AND SERVICES OP COMMODORE BAINBRIDOE. 

Commodore Bainbridge did not make a public profession of 
religion, but he always entertained a profound veneration 
for it, and expressed a deep disgust towards those who 
treated this sacred subject slightingly. 

His excellent widow has informed the writer that she 
never knew him to retire to rest, without first offering up a 
fervent prayer to his God. During his last illness he fre- 
quently called on his nephew, the Rev. John M'Lean, to 
pray for and with him. 

For a few years before his death, his sufferings became 
so severe, that he was obliged to take opium, ether, and 
other antispasmodics to such an extent, as to seriously affect 
his nervous system. So great was the alteration in the 
mind and character of this long admired officer, that his 
friends observed the change with regret and disquietude. 
The dashing, warm-hearted, generous, chivalric commander 
of former times, became garrulous, irritable, and in a great 
degree, withdrew from the society of which he had been 
long the life and ornament. 

The firmest minds and sweetest disposition, are not exempt 
from this fate, when the nervous system becomes the seat of 
disease. — Bolingbroke correctly remarked, that " the great- 
est hero is nothing when under a certain state of the nerves; 
his mind becomes like a fine ring of bells, jangled and out 
of tune." 



THE END. 



APPENDIX. 



As the preceding memoir was passing througli the press, the 
subject of the following remarks arrested the author's attention, 
and although not immediately connected with, is yet incidental 
to the principal subject. 

Whatever may have been the opinions formerly entertained on 
the policy of a permanent navy, the dear-bought experience of 
the last forty years, whether of peace or war, has removed all 
doubts regarding its practical utility. For more than twenty 
years the United States were tributary to the African regencies^ 
for it was not until the year 1815, immediately succeeding the 
late war with Great Britain, when fresh from its victories, our 
navy released the nation from this odious burden. It would be 
an interesting, and not an unprofitable inquiry, to estimate the 
aggregate amount of tribute, and other humiliating requisitions, 
paid to these piratical states, and add to them, the losses sus- 
tained by European aggressions during the same period j then to 
compare the whole with the cost of a naval force adequate to 
protect the nation from both. The author has not the means to 
make this calculation, and if he had, this might not be considered 
the proper place to note the various details. It may not, how- 
ever, be amiss to state, generally, on the authority of a late num- 
32 



250 APPENDIX. 

ber of the Naval Magazine, that exclusive of the depredations 
of the Barbary powers, and the tribute paid to them, tlie amount of 
injury sustained by the United States from France and Great 
Britain during the late continental wars, amounted to seventy 
millions of dollars, besides " the detention of our citizens, and the 
national impoyerishment resulting from loss of capital." 

In the year 1800, we had nearly one million of tons of ship- 
ping exposed on the high seas; and in 1805, our exports alone 
were estimated at one hundred and eight millions of dollars. A 
naval force requiring an expenditure of six millions of dollars, 
annually, would have aftorded complete protection not only to 
this vast amount of property, but would have saved our citizens 
from insult and suffering, and would have sustained our national 
pride and honour in their proper elevated position. — Enormous, 
indeed, as was the loss of property which was sustained, it was 
more supportable than the lacerating wounds which our national 
character received, by long submission to European insolence and. 
aggression. 

Professor Tucker of the University of Virginia, in his life of 
Mr. Jefferson, recently published, remarks, that " whatever is 
connected with this branch of the national defence, which is at 
once the cheapest, most efficient, and earned for the nation a 
glory which can never die, is interesting." In this work there is 
republished from " The writings " of Mr. Jefferson, a correspon- 
dence which took place in the year 1822, with his venerable friend 
Mr, Adams, in which he gives Mr. Jefferson the merit of being 
the father of the American navy; and opinions hostile to it were 
imputed to the first President of the United States and other dis- 
tinguished statesmen, m ho had been ranked among its early ad- 
vocates. Mr. Adams, in attributing to Mr. Jefferson the merit 
of being the earliest advocate of a navy, must have had relerence 
to the suggestions of the latter when minister in France, and not 
to his policy as chief magistrate. But Professor Tucker is him- 
self in error in saying " that the cautious character of General 
Washington prevented his being a zealous advocate for a navy." 

It is important that the opinions of this great man, whose policy 
as a statesman is worthy the example of all future legislators, and 



APPENDIX. 251 

wliose patriotism ami piivato viiluos are a perpotiial moral to Iiis 
countrymen, should be clearly understootl. For this purpose tiie 
author has considered a brief view of the orij^in of the navy 
with which the early services of Commodore Bainbridge were 
connected, and the opinions of the first three presidents on this 
point, not inappropriate subjects for an article annexed to his 
memoir. 

At the peace of 1783, all the vessels of the United States be- 
ing either captured or destroyed, Congress decided not to esta- 
blish a national marine until the government was in a condition 
to provide adequate means to support it on a respectable footing. 
The state of Virginia, however, was permitted to keep two 
small vessels of fourteen guns each, for the defence of our com- 
merce in the Mediterranean against the pirates of Earbai y. 

The attention of Congress being called to this danger, our mi- 
nisters in France, ]Messrs. Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson, were 
authorized to negotiate a treaty of peace and amity with these 
states. Notwithstanding their best efforts, and those of their 
successors, an arrangement for the release of the American pri- 
soners was not accomplished until after nine years' negotiation, 
and at a cost of at least a million of dollars. One hundred and 
nineteen citizens of the United States, entitled to the protection 
of their government, thus remained in cruel bondage to the Al- 
gerines, for different periods, from 1785 to 1794, and our com- 
merce entirely excluded from the Mediterranean. These pirates 
emerged from their inland sea and made many captures in the 
Atlantic. The whole force of Algiers at that period, consisted of 
eight vessels, varying in size from thirty-four to ten guns. 

During the negotiations Mr. Jefferson in his public despatches 
uniformly and warmly advocated a naval force, and in his pri- 
vate letters he recommended an entire abandonment of the com- 
merce of the Mediterranean in preference to the payment of a 
tribute, although paid at that time by all European nations. 

He supported the policy of a permanent navy, as necessary to 
procure us respect in Europe — as less expensive than tribute — 
not dangerous to the liberties of the people — and would thus 
arm " the federal government with the safest instruments of co- 
ercion against its delinquent members." He adds, that to ob- 



252 APPENDIX. 

tain revenue for tlie purposes of the general government, it may 
be necessary that " the Stales should see the rod, and, perhaps, 
to feel it." 

In these days of state's right principles such a declaration from 
tiie great apostle of this doctrine, may excite some surprise. 

Mr. Adams preferred the payment of a tribute, principally on 
the score of expense. " It is worthy of remark, (says Professor 
Tucker) that both these gentlemen took the sides that were op- 
posed to the general chai acter of their tempers and policy. Mr, 
Jefferson, who was generally in favour of peace, was on this oc- 
casion the advocate of war; and Mr. Adams, who both before and 
after was among the most strenuous advocates of national rights, 
was willing, in conformity with the usage of other nations, to be- 
come tributary to these freebooters." Subsequently, says the 
same author, Mr. Jefferson concurred with the party in opposi- 
tion to the navy, and Mr. Adams, when President of tlie United 
States, made it a prominent point in his policy, or as Mr. Jeffer- 
son remarks of him, he became the advocate of " the wooden 
walls of Themistocles." 

Regarding the difference of opinion between these gentlemen, 
" It is probable," says Professor Tucker, " that the impression pro- 
duced on Mr. Adams' mind on this occasion, inclined him at that 
advanced age, when the recollection is partial, to regard Mr. Jef- 
ferson as a zealous friend to a naval establishment." 

It is not, however, so much the object of these remarks, to de- 
cide what may have been the opinions of Mr. Adams and Mr. 
Jefierson, as to correct what is believed to be an error of the for- 
mer, and of the biographer of the latter, regarding the opinions 
and policy of General Washington. Both these gentlemen ex- 
press the opinion that this illustrious statesman was hostile to 
the establishment of a navy. That this is an error, can, I think, 
be fairly proved. 

In a message to Congress in the year 1792, General Washing- 
ton recommended " measures for the fulfilment of our duties to 
the rest of the world, by placing the nation in a condition of com- 
plete defence, and of exacling from other nations the fulfilment of 
their duties to us. That the United States ought not to indulge 



APPENDIX. 253 

a persuasion, that contrary to the order of human events, they will 
for ever keep at a distance from the painful appeal to arms with 
which the history of other nations abound. That there was a 
rank due to them among nations, which would be withheld, if not 
absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness." 

As early as 1790, among the first of his official acts, he com- 
municated to Congress a report from Mr. Jefferson, suggesting 
the propriety, after four years fruitless negotiation, of the employ- 
ment of force. Mr. Jefferson at the same time, and doubtless, 
with the approbation of the president, made a report to the senate, 
in which he speaks of protecting the commerce of the United 
States by arms, and by employing a naval force equal to that of 
Algiers, the only power which had then committed aggressions 
on our commerce. This report was approved of by General 
Washington. 

In 1793, the Dey of Algiers rejected all negotiations either for 
peace or ransom, and directed his corsairs to cruise against our 
commerce in the Atlantic. In the year 1794, General Washing- 
ton referred the whole subject to Congress, with a report from 
the secretary of state reiterating the recommendation of an ade- 
quate naval force. " This," says Professor Tucker, " was warmly 
opposed by the democratic party, with whom Mr. Jefferson, then 
in retirement, concurred." 

It is somewhat curious and interesting to examine the argu- 
ments against the general policy of a navy, and even against it 
for the special purpose for whicli it was designed. Some even 
preferred protecting our commerce by subsidizing otiier nations. 

The law, however, authorizing the building of six frigates, 
passed in the congressional session of 1794, by a majority of ele- 
ven votes, but with a proviso, which alone secured its passage, 
that the woikmen should not continue their operations, in the 
event of a peace with this regency. The proviso Avas considered 
the more extraordinary, as aggressions had already commenced on 
our commerce, by both England and France. All these frigates 
were commenced at the same time in the different ports of the 
United States, and when in an advanced state, a peace was un- 
expectedly made with Algiers. 



254 APPENDIX. 

About this time a treaty was negotiated with Great Britain by 
Mr. Jay, whicli although it adjusted most of the points of dispute 
witli that nation, it was only to increase them with France. 

Although the treaty with Algiers was not executed, nor the 
prisoners released until the year 1796 — our misunderstanding 
with Great Britain not finally settled — apparently on the eve of 
a war with France, yet such was the hostility to a navy, that 
Congress ordered the discontinuance of the building of three fri- 
gates. 

In General Washington's last address to Congress, he strongly 
urges on it, the establishment of a naval force. This should be 
considered as one of his many valuable legacies to his country- 
men. This address contains the first distinct recommendation of 
a permanent naval armament in the following terms. 

" To active external commerce the protection of a naval force 
is indispensable^ not only as regards wars in which the United 
States are a party, but to preserve our neutral rights. The trade 
in the Mediterranean, without a protecting force, will always be 
insecure, and our citizens exposed to those calamities from which 
numbers of them have just been relieved. These considerations 
invite the United States to look to tlie means, and set about with- 
out delay to collect materials for building ships of war, and to 
provide by degrees in proportion as our resources shall render it 
practicable, without inconvenience, so that a future war in Eu- 
rope may not finil our commerce in the same unprotected state 
in which it was found by the present." 

Professor Tucker must have inadvertently overlooked the sen- 
timents contained in this document, otherwise he could not have 
expressed the opinion that the establishment of a navy was not a 
favourite measure of General Washington. These views, be- 
sides, accord with his known principles; that to preserve peace, 
preparation for war is necessary. It appears then, that the foun- 
dation of the navy was laid during the administration of the first 
president. 



ERRATA. 

Page 17, for " Russe " read Ruse. 

19, 11 lines from bottom, for "disclose" read discover. 
26, 3 " " " " russe " read rzjse. 

35,24 « « " " for" read o/. 

39, 10 « " after " men " insert a7id. 

79, Contents, for "Nison " read JVissen. 
" " " " Triopoli tans " read 2>?!po/«7fl!n5. 
Wlien " Desferneaux " occm's, read Dcsfourneaux. 



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